浅析经络与气功对养生的影响

经络和气功是养生的两个重要方面,都对养生产生着无可替代的影响,因此,对经络与气功的研究,对于养生来说,具有现实的积极的意义;为此,对经络与气功的各个方面及共同作用探析,将最终明确各个方面的影响。     

Methodological interactionism: Theory and application to the firm and to the building of trust

Recent insights from the “embodied cognition” perspective in cognitive science, supported by neural research, provide a basis for a “methodological interactionism” that transcends both the methodological individualism of economics and the methodological collectivism of (some) sociology and is consistent with insights from social psychology. It connects with a Mengerian exchange perspective and Hayekian view of dispersed knowledge from Austrian economics. It provides a basis for a new, unified social science that integrates elements from economics, sociology, social psychology, and cognitive science. This paper discusses the roots of this perspective, in theory of cognition and meaning, and illustrates its application in a summary of a social–cognitive theory of the firm and an analysis of processes by which trust is built up and broken down.     

坚持和完善“效率优先、兼顾公平”的分配原则

当前,应按照中央精神,结合我国实际,历史地、辩证地理解“效率优先、兼顾公平”这一社会主义初级阶段收入分配的总原则。效率与公平的矛盾在一定条件下可以统一,“效率优先、兼顾公平”更无歧义的表述应为“初次分配注重效率,再次分配注重公平”。在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中,应坚持和完善“效率优先、兼顾公平”的分配原则。坚持“效率优先、兼顾公平”,才能既大力发展生产力,又防止出现两极分化。完善“效率优先、兼顾公平”,重点是在初次分配中甄别并铲除“伪效率”,在再次分配中明确调节方向,加大调节力度,充分体现公平。     

Complexity and the limits to learning

In this paper we look at the manner in which ideas coming from complexity science change our understanding of the cognitive powers of agents that is really necessary to explain the evolution of markets and of firms. The general ideas behind complex systems dynamics and evolution are presented and then two examples are treated in detail. The first in an evolutionary model of a market in which some new product is developed by competing firms and their “task” is to find a strategy in terms of quality and price that will be sustainable. This essentially requires agents/firms to discover mutually compatible strategies, and to create thereby sustainable market niches. The second example considers the internal structure of firms, in terms of their constituent working practices and skills. It demonstrates that it is precisely their ignorance of the consequences of adopting any particular practice that generates diversity in the emergent capabilities of firms, exploring the dimension of potential demand and therefore leading to a successful and sustainable business sector. The work supports the notion that the cognitive abilities that are involved are not about deduction and logic, as a traditional view of rationality might suggest, but are about the development and contraction of interpretive frameworks, which will be different for each player. The paper links these examples to a general recognition of the idea that complex, multi-agent systems evolve through successive “structural attractors”—multi-dimensional dynamical systems—with temporary structural stability. Because real systems contain both the structure and deviations from it, then there is a constant probing of structural stability and the possibility of qualitative change to a new structural attractor. This resembles the ideas in biological evolution related to “punctuated equilibria,” but it also links this to the idea of emergent and evolving networks of interaction, never of course near thermodynamic equilibrium.      

按劳分配与按生产要素分配的异同和走向

现实经济生活中，既实行按劳分配，又实行按生产要素分配。按劳分配与按生产要素分是两种不同的分配方式，其差异表现在理论、所有制和经济体制上。共同点是：以劳动为获得收入的手段；复杂劳动可获得更多的收入；承认劳动者对劳动力的所有权。     

新兴产业的进入壁垒及竞争分析

新兴产业是指正处于产业生命周期中成长期阶段的产业。现代科学技术的发展使新兴产业不断出现，发展新兴产业对于我国赶超发达国家有着重要意义。本文介绍了新兴产业的进入壁垒，并通过博弈论模型对新兴产业的竞争进行了分析。从中可以看出，新兴产业的初期存在着巨大的商机，企业应及早进入。     

试论按劳分配与按生产要素分配

长期以来,对于分配制度原则的选择,我国经历了从单纯的按劳分配,到按劳分配为主、其他分配形式为辅,再到按劳分配与按生产要素分配相结合这样一个较长的过程。按劳分配是以马克思主义理论为依据的。社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度决定了我们必须把按劳分配和按要素分配两种不同的分配方式结合起来。按劳分配与按生产要素分配两种分配方式的结合是我国建立社会主义市场经济体制的客观要求。     

小微企业融资难问题之对策

小微企业是我国国民经济和社会发展的重要组成部分,是经济发展和社会稳定的支柱,关系中国经济平稳增长大局。随着金融脱媒效应的影响,呈现信贷业务零售化的趋势,大型客户逐步脱离信贷依赖,小微企业在银行信贷业务中的重要性逐步显现和提升。但"融资难、难融资"已经成为我国小微企业发展的最大制约瓶颈,在国际金融危机的背景下,这一矛盾更加突出,已受到社会各界的普遍关注。     

Learning to Export and the Timing of Entry to Export Markets

Exporters normally enter their first foreign markets some time after beginning to sell locally, then enter subsequent markets progressively. Standard trade models are essentially static and do not explain these elementary facts about exporting, which can bias the estimation of trade patterns. This paper proposes a model that endogenously generates the timing of entry to new export markets. The timing results from a learning mechanism. More productive firms are less sensitive to the learning effect and therefore (1) enter markets more quickly and (2) enter larger markets earlier and smaller markets later. These predictions are confirmed using Swedish firm‐level data.     

履行职责开拓创新加快云南服务业发展--在加快服务业发展,促进就业座谈会上的书面发言

党中央、国务院及省委、省政府对发展服务业一直非常重视,"十五"计划<建议>把大力发展服务业作为新世纪我国现代化建设的重大战略性、宏观性、政策性问题摆到了很高的位置,我省"十五"计划<纲要>提出2005年要使服务业比重达到38%.去年12月,国务院办公厅转发了<国家计委关于"十五"期间加快发展服务业若干政策措施的意见>(国办发[2001]98号).     

回到朝鲜战争去——第二次朝鲜战争与回避“核”危机的力量

去年10月朝鲜进行的核试验在日本引起了强烈反应,同时日本政府也想利用这次引发人们安全担心的事件机会,加强日美军事同盟和实现对日本宪法和平条款的“修改”。在这样的局面下,日本的和平运动要具有足够的说服力,就必需首先回溯到朝鲜战争的历史情境和视点,历史地理解朝鲜的核试实和那时美军准备使用核武器(虽然最后没用)这一历史脉络有密切关系。而显然,这样的历史视点才会使日本的民众看清第三世界国家所以着力核武的结构性原因,也即和平运动反对核武固然重要,但同样重要甚至更重要的是消除使人们去追求核武的世界或地区结构。     

中国个人信用制度建设的制约因素分析及对策

个人信用制度是社会信用制度的核心，完善高效的个人信用制度是建立我国社会信用体系的突破口。建立个人信用制度的必要性已得到社会各界的广泛共识，目前，制约我国个人信用制度建设的因素主要有四个方面-化传统约束、个人信用市场约束、法律环境约束、网络技术约束，认真研究和解决这些制约因素对早日建立和完善个人信用制度有重大现实意义。     

Agriculture and the Transition to the Market in Asia

This paper examines the role of agriculture in the transition from central planning to market-based economies in Asia through an analysis of the experience of countries in Southeast Asia, i.e., Lao PDR and Viet Nam, and Central Asia, i.e., Kazakstan and the Kyrgyz Republic. In Southeast Asia, reforms met with a very rapid and positive supply response in agriculture that helped to sustain the broader economy. In Central Asia, economic reforms have thus far failed to arrest a deep and widespread economic depression across all sectors, including agriculture. Focusing on the significant differences in the initial conditions and structure of agriculture, the reasons for this contrasting experience are analyzed. The likely prospects and the problems posed by the unfinished reform agenda are also examined.J. Comp. Econom.,October 1997,25(2), pp. 256–280. Asian Development Bank, Manila, 0980, Philippines.     

论司法为民与民事诉讼中的当事人援助制度

党的十六大确立了“立党为公、执政为民”的执政理念后,最高人民法院便相应地提出了“司法为民”的总体要求,作为全国各级法院的工作宗旨。     

股改对价计算依据与公允对价计算原则探讨

通过对22家股改试点代表性公司对价计算依据的逐一分析，其对价依据可归纳为保值法、退款法、让利法、保价法、直接法和待定法6种。其中前4种是可以推广的主要方法。那么针对试点过程中对价依据存在的问题如何加以改进则是值得研究的课题。     

Occupational mobility and the returns to training

The literature on the returns to training has pointed out that, immediately following a training episode, wages of participants in employer-sponsored training increase substantially while wages of participants in government-sponsored training hardly change. We argue that there is a potential selection issue—most of the government-sponsored trainees are occupation switchers while most participants in employer-sponsored training are occupation stayers. An occupational switch involves a substantial destruction of human capital, and once we account for the associated decline in wages, we find a large positive impact of both employer- and government-sponsored training on workers’ human capital.     

Learning-by-Using and the Switch to Better Machines

In an attempt to account for the huge observed disparity in international incomes, several recent papers study models in the spirit of R. Solow (1960, in “Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences 1959,” Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford) where the adoptions of better technologies require investments in new equipment. This paper continues this line of research. It describes an economy in which firms install more productive machines and subsequent to these adoptions, learn how to use those machines. In contrast to these other papers, this one does not predict that firms always adopt the frontier technology whenever they switch technologies. In this model both the upper and lower supports of the distribution of operated technologies may differ between economies that differ in policy. Consequently, this model can generate larger differences in international incomes than these other models. These differences are still small relative to the data, however. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: O11, O33, O41.     

Firm size and the incentive to differentiate

The conjectural variation is treated as a choice variable capturing the behavioral impact of product differentiation. By this means it is shown that firms have a profit incentive to differentiate, large firms more than small ones, and a differentiating firm more than its rivals.