National and international developments in technology

Declining R&;D intensities at the national level coincide with growing international technological links. In this context a number of questions arise: Do companies research in the same field of technology abroad as they do at home? Are the fields of technology in which R&;D is concentrated within a country those in which it has a comparative advantage? What drives the process of the internationalisation of technology? What are the implications for host countries and home countries? What are the implications for policy on a national and an international level?     

International developments in shipping

Looking back at the 5th session, at the spirit of its debates and negotiations and at its results, one could indeed conclude that it reflected more cooperation than the preceding ones. Some of the reasons why this happened may be found in the general development. However, to a great extent it was owed to the personality of the President, Mr. Quartley, the Shipping Commissioner in the Government of Ghana. He had proved his ability to chairing international meetings already in IMCO and elsewhere. He has encouraged cooperation by the members of all groups with the effect that no decision was taken under pressure. The 5th session has therefore been that with the least number of resolutions adopted but one of the most successful.     

Technology competition and regulatory advantage

The importance of competition law as a policy lever to help the EU compete at the forefront of science and technology seems to have been overlooked by the Commission. As a consequence, the EU appears to be at a disadvantage to the USA in terms of the regulatory environment for intellectual property and licensing practices. This article examines these differences and explores the pros and cons of the European and American approaches to competition law, ultimately arguing in favour of regulatory harmonisation.     

Debt developments and fiscal adjustment in the EU

Since the financial crisis in 2008–09, concern over the sustainability of some EU countries’ sovereign debt has continued to mount higher and higher. This paper explores the ways in which the financial crisis caused the deterioration of European debt-to-GDP ratios, examines which countries are on sustainable debt paths and quantifies the fiscal adjustment required per country for debt sustainability.     

Conceptual and empirical developments of marketing channel conflict

Managers regularly have to struggle with conflict within the marketing channel and it is therefore important that marketing managers should have an understanding of conflict and its meaning in the channel setting. This paper attempts to provide a background to this understanding by reviewing the conceptual and empirical developments in the field of marketing channel conflict. These developments are drawn together into an integrated model of current research into channel conflict.     

共享单车预付押金的法律性质及其法律规制

共享单车预付押金收取模式的异变和返还期限的错配与分离,颠覆了“一物一押”的传统押金结构,异变为“一人一押、一物多押”“一辆单车、多份押金”的新型结构,并使共享单车预付押金朝金融化衍变而呈现出类金融色彩。在免押模式尚不足以全面施行的条件下,应采取特殊的规制方法,通过规范押金收取协议,对预付押金进行账户隔离和妥善保管,增强押金收取、存管和退还的信息透明度,合理利用押金孳息建立行业风险基金以及统一监管机构,有效保护共享经济预付押金的财产安全。