Budget Allocation Patterns of U.S. Households across Income Levels in the 21st Century

This study examined the budget allocation patterns of U.S. households during the period 2000–2015. Four household groups—classified based on their income levels in relation to the federal poverty level—are used for the analyses. Data from the quarterly interview component of the BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey were used in order to calculate households' annual expenditures in eight commodity groups: food, utilities, apparel and apparel services, transportation, medical care, shelter and household operations, other nondurable expenditures and services, and durable goods. An exact affine stone index (EASI) demand system was used to estimate demand relationships (i.e., price, income elasticities, and marginal effects). Overall, we find that budget allocation, consumers' responses to changes in prices and income, and the effects of sociodemographic characteristics on spending can be markedly different between income groups. The use of a representative or average household for demand analyses can mask substantial differences in economic behaviors between these four income groups.     

南京农业文化遗产旅游产品开发思考

农业文化遗产旅游开发对发展南京农业旅游有重要意义。南京农业文化遗产旅游资源特点,主要体现在遗产类型以非物质类农业文化遗产占优势,农业文化遗产分布相对集中,文化交流性明显及其环境景观多样等方面。南京农业文化遗产旅游产品开发,应该遵循生活化、教育化、参与性、品牌化、综合化的开发方向,以弥补其规模与品位上的不足。     

农村普惠性金融发展对中国农户收入的影响——来自1877个县(市)面板数据的实证分析

本文使用来自中国2006—2009年1877个县(市)的面板数据,实证分析了中国农村普惠性金融发展及其各个维度对农户收入的影响。研究结果表明:中国农村普惠性金融发展对农户收入具有显著的正效应,组成农村普惠性金融的地理渗透性和产品接触性与农户收入正相关,使用效用性和农户收入负相关;从区域层面看,东部地区农村普惠性金融发展和农户收入正相关,而中、西部地区农村普惠性金融发展和农户收入负相关。针对以上的结论,本文就农村普惠性金融发展促进农户收入增长提出了简要的政策建议。     

Use of 12 groups of foods in households differing in size,income and receipt of food stamps

Using data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Surrey, 1977–78, this study assessed the influence of household size and composition, household income, and eligibility/participation in the Food Stamp Programme (FSP) on the weekly money value of specified food groups used from the household food supply. Mean money values of foods by food groups were calculated for various sample partitions and proportions of total food value allocated to the 12 specified food groups were analysed using ordinary least squares regression. Results indicated that household size had a statistically significant impact on household food consumption patterns. As per capita household income increased, percentage allocations to high-cost meats and beverages generally increased while percentage allocations for the other 10 food groups decreased. The money value of food used per equivalent food energy need increased with decreasing household size and with increasing per capita household income. These relationships occurred for total food and for most of the specified food groups. Households that participated in the FSP used food with higher money value per-equivalent food energy need than did households who were eligible but did not participate in the FSP.     

FACTORS RELATED TO HOUSEHOLD AND CHILD CARE TASK RESPONSIBILITY OF SPOUSES IN HOUSTON,TEXAS

What are the differences in household and child care task responsibility by the employment role responsibility of spouses? What are the differences in the relationships between task preference, quality of task performance, and sex-role ideology and household and child care task responsibility of spouses by the employment role responsibility of the spouses? What are the most important variables in determining household and child care responsibility? Data were collected from a random sample of wives and husbands in Houston, Texas. The sample (n = 151) was generally characterized as white, middle-aged, upper income, and middle class. Wives who shared the employment role had less responsibility for female and child care tasks and husbands had more responsibility for female tasks than spouses in families in which the husband had total responsibility for the employment role. However, spouses who shared the employment role maintained major responsibility for their traditional household and child care tasks. Although liking of the tasks, quality of task performance, and sex-role attitudes were related to household and child care task responsibility, these relationships were not significantly different when the employment role was shared or was the total responsibility of the husband. Multiple regression analyses revealed that quality of task performance was the most frequent significant variable in determining household and child care task responsibility. Implications and recommendations are given.     

PRODUCTIVE TIME OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS

This study is an analysis of the utility value of time. Time is viewed on a productivity continuum with activities that result in measurable products such as income or home sewing at one extreme of the continuum and activities such as sleep at the other extreme. The use of time by unemployed and employed heads of households was the basis for this analysis. Four measures of time were constructed to determine the amount of time spent in market, household, leisure and personal activities. Unemployed heads of households spent more time in household and leisure activities than employed heads. Assuming that household activities have productive value, time spent in child care, shopping, house cleaning, etc., were viewed as having utility value for the household. Thus, reallocated time had utility value for the household. In addition, it was found that a significant relationship existed between employment status and use of time, regardless of position on the productivity continuum. From this study comes a better understanding of how time is reallocated during unemployment so that the economic loss for the household as well as the economy can be minimized.     

市场拉起了产业,产业助推了经济——黑龙江省“黑白特色产业”发展给予我们的启示（再议加快农产品流通体系建设问题）

黑龙江省农业经济进入新的历史阶段以后,存在的主要问题是农业大省尚未成为农业强省,农民收入的增长并非来自于农业的丰收,相反,在农民现金收入中出售产品的现金收入以及农民纯收入中家庭经营收入所占的比重呈现下降趋势。其原因并不是黑龙江省的农产品质量不行,而是在于长期困扰着农村经济与农业产业化发展的问题尚未得到有效解决。突出表现是小生产与大市场之间的矛盾仍很突出;缺少大型农产品加工销售企业;农产品经营的各利益主体之间尚未真正形成长期稳定的利益联结机制。黑龙江省应从黑木耳、白瓜子这两个特色产业的发展中汲取经验,大力发展农产品市场,以市场拉动产业,以产业助推经济发展。     

Who buys newspapers in Spain? An analysis of the determinants of the probability to buy newspapers and of the amount spent

In this paper, we examine the determinants of household consumption of newspapers and the amount spent on their purchase by considering several explanatory variables related to household characteristics and the main household wage earner. Results show that the variables have quite similar effects on both the relative probability of buying newspapers and the amount spent. The key variables are the age and occupational status of the main wage earner, the number of household members, income and having to pay for the house, as well as a number of geographical variables. However, certain differences are also observed. The most important is the education of the main wage earner: while its effect on buying newspapers is very small (only those who did not complete primary education are less likely to buy), its effect on the amount spent increases with the level of education. As other studies of cultural goods and services consumption have suggested, education and occupational status are more relevant determinants than income.     

Trade-Offs Between Purchased Services and Time in Single-Parent and Two-Parent Families

This research examines the influence of marital status on the demand for services using a model in which the demand for market services and mothers' time spent in related household activities are jointly determined. Three specific areas of market services are investigated: meals prepared away from home, child care, and housekeeping. In multivariate systems analyses in which mothers' household work time and purchased services were simultaneously determined, families headed by single mothers were found to (a) purchase more meals prepared away from home and (b) be more likely to purchase child care and housekeeping services than their two-parent counterparts holding income and other factors constant.     

Personal strain and ethical standards of the self-employed

Using strain theory to examine the relationship between sources of personal strain and ethical standards, we study how variations in the self-employed's household income, educational level, associational membership, and trust in institutions link to the extent to which they maintain high ethical standards. We test our hypotheses using data from 3716 self-employed persons across 39 countries. The self-employed's ethical standards relate positively to their household income and trust in institutions but negatively to their educational level and associational membership. A supplementary exploratory analysis provides further insights into how broader cultural and institutional contexts in which the self-employed are embedded might influence the relationship between sources of personal strain and ethical standards.     

Consumer Perceptions of a Potential Fresh Ground Beef and Poultry Product

Abstract

Consumer concerns with the consumption of fat and cholesterol have encouraged many to seek alternatives to regular ground beef. A sample of Louisiana households was surveyed by mail to examine the willingness of consumers to purchase a blended fresh ground beef and poultry product relative to alternative ground products. Multinomial logit analysis was used to analyze the data. The important variables in the Yes versus No purchase decision for the blended product were: beef is one of the household's two most popular fresh meats, the household had consumed hamburger during the last month, the respondent had mixed the two products in the home, age, single adult head, and Caucasian. Gender, children in the household, education, presence of a homemaker, and family income were less important variables.     

Cultural heritage and destination management in the Mediterranean

The challenge for destination management and marketing based on cultural tourism becomes obvious with the example of the Mediterranean region. This area especially is abounding with different expressions of cultural heritage, with special consideration of architectural heritage. Nevertheless, it is difficult to open this cultural heritage in a way to satisfy the customers' expectations on the one hand, and on the other hand to facilitate cooperation between individual countries of the Mediterranean region, which are hindered by broad variations and strong local or regional identities. The article shows the necessity for professional integration of culture‐touristic products and services in the framework of destination management, taking into consideration the various levels of responsibility and identity on a national, regional, and local level, in order to create a basis for cooperation in the Mediterranean region. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

革命历史文化遗产旅游资源模糊评价模型

革命历史文化遗产旅游资源在我国主要有辛亥革命旅游资源和红色旅游资源两大类,革命历史文化遗产旅游资源评价是革命历史文化遗产旅游资源开发的基础,需要运用模糊数学中的层次分析法来构建革命历史文化遗产旅游资源评价体系。     

基于产品分类的工业旅游发展对策研究

中国工业城市众多,工业旅游资源丰富,发展工业旅游是打造城市特色的有效手段。目前,工业与旅游业的结合尚处于起步阶段,工业旅游产品仍然停留在初级产品阶段,缺乏示范性精品,工业品牌还没有升级为旅游品牌,尚未被大众市场所认可。本文根据工业旅游产品类型的不同,将其分为工业遗产、生产性工业产品、消费性工业产品三类。在产品类型划分的基础上,探讨工业旅游的发展对策。对于工业遗产类应有效解决资金问题,通过有效的展示和解说,提升旅游体验,打造工业遗产深度游。消费性工业产品类型应将工业生产和旅游消费的链条连接起来,延长游客的停留时间,增加旅游收益和产品附加值。而生产性工业产品类型可发挥工业旅游的无形收益作用,使工业旅游成为企业形象塑造和文化传播的载体。     

Household income data reports in mail surveys

An empirical study was conducted to assess the quality of reported household income data in the context of a mail survey, where quality was measured in terms of the difference between actual household income and reported household income. In the study, nonresponse error was found to be greater than response error (distortions in reporting household income), although both were statistically significant. Under- and overreporting of household income were found to be associated with absolute income levels, and several possible reasons for under- and overreporting were hypothesized.     

中小城市居民对生鲜蔬菜零售终端的选择行为研究——基于排序多元Logit模型的实证分析

随着经济的不断发展,超市逐渐成为消费者购买生鲜农产品的重要场所。文章利用对山东省烟台、潍坊、济宁、临沂四市510名消费者的问卷调查数据,运用排序多元Logit模型,深入分析了影响消费者选择生鲜农产品零售终端的各种因素。研究结果表明,家庭人均收入、零售终端的净距离及消费者对价格和质量的偏好程度对消费者零售终端的选择有显著的影响。根据研究结论,认为蔬菜的三种零售终端在未来较长的时间内将长期并存,在对农产品零售终端进行布局规划时要充分考虑经济距离的合理性,同时对农产品零售终端的升级改造要采取循序渐进的原则。     

文化产品贸易对需求偏好相似理论的修正

由于文化产品的特殊性,在运用需求偏好相似理论解释文化产品贸易时需要对该理论进行修正,即一些文化产品进出口与一国平均收入水平相关性小;国家之间文化产品需求偏好差异大的情况下仍存在文化产品贸易.     

Factors Influencing Consumption of New Food Products and Specialty Meat

Results from a consumer survey of households in Louisiana and Texas suggest that socioeconomic factors affect consumption decisions on new food products, quail, alligator, or deer meat. Specifically, consumption of, or interest in consuming new food products are statistically associated with marital status, age, education, household size and income, race, religon, and occupation. The above-referenced socio-economic characteristics are all statistically associated with consumption decisions on qualiy and alligator meat, except for marital status and household size. Race and occupation are statistically associated with the consumption of, or interest in consuming deer meat.     

Situational price sensitivity: the role of consumption occasion, social context and income

Research on consumer reaction to price has been largely confined to examining consumers’ price information search, evaluation of price alternatives, and individual purchase behaviors without regard to situational influences. At the same time, consumption has often been dichotomized in terms of its functional-hedonic nature and has been examined with regard to social influence. Surprisingly, researchers have heretofore not examined the potential effect of the consumption occasion or social context on consumers’ price sensitivity. Further, research examining the effect of household resources on price sensitivity has produced mixed results. We argue that household income effects on price sensitivity are dependent upon the situation. This research addresses two key issues. First, we examine whether individuals are equally price-sensitive when purchasing products for functional (e.g., purchasing frozen vegetables or paper towels) versus hedonic (e.g., purchasing ice cream or cookies) consumption situations and whether social context (i.e., consuming the product alone or with others) influences price sensitivity. Second, we explore the interaction effects of household income and consumption context on price sensitivity. We examine these issues across a series of three studies, finding that consumers’ price sensitivity is in fact attenuated by both hedonic and social consumption situations and that income moderates these effects. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.     

Spending patterns of lone-parent and two-parent Canadian families

Data on 214 lone-parent families and 1,133 two-parent families were drawn from the Canadian 1990 Survey of Family Expenditures to examine their expenditure patterns. Tobit analysis was used to estimate marginal propensities to consume and income elasticities of 14 expenditure categories. Statistically significant differences between lone-parent families and two-parent families were found for the marginal propensities to consume and the income elasticities for expenditures on food at home, household operations and personal care.