Bloody foreigners! Overseas equity on the London Stock Exchange, 1869–1929

This article presents data on quantity, capital gains, dividend yields, and total returns of domestic and overseas equities listed on the London Stock Exchange during 1869–1929. Indices are presented for Africa, Asia, Australia (including New Zealand), Europe, Latin America, and North America (as well as for the UK), and for the finance, transportation, raw materials, and utilities sectors in each region. Returns and volatility were typically highest in emerging regions and the raw materials sector. Dividend yields were similar across regions and differences in total returns were due largely to disparities in capital gains. Contingent liability was most extensively employed where leverage was high and the physical assets were either meagre or inaccessible to creditors.     

Market microstructure and price discovery on the Tokyo Stock Exchange

This paper compares the price discovery processes at the opening and closing transactions for the fifty largest stocks trading on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Open-to-open returns are found to have a greater volatility and a more negative autocorrelation pattern than close-to-close returns, similar to the pattern we found on the New York Stock Exchange. The results are consistent with pricing over-reaction at the opening and partial price-adjustment at the close. These patterns persist over time and prevail when estimated for returns conditional on the contemporaneous market effect. Our analysis of daytime and overnight returns suggest that pricing errors at the opening are corrected over the trading day. We present a new measure of volatility — the relative dispersion of stock returns around the market return — and find that it is greater at the opening, consistent with a more noisy price discovery process.     

An examination of minimum tick sizes on the Tokyo Stock Exchange

In setting a minimum tick size, exchanges balance the competing objectives of lowering transaction costs and encouraging liquidity provision by minimizing stepping-ahead risk. We examine the trade-off between these two types of costs by examining the proportion of time that the quoted spread equals the minimum tick size (PTIMEMIN). We undertake this analysis on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, a market that sets nine different tick sizes based on stock price. PTIMEMIN varies markedly across stocks, ranging from almost 0 to almost 100 percent. We find that trade size, the number of trades, and price are the most important determinants of whether the minimum tick size is a binding constraint. In fact, trade size and number of trades are more significant determinants of tick size constraint than price. Consequently, we argue that tick size should be set based on trading activity and price, rather than price alone.     

Tick size change and liquidity provision on the Tokyo Stock Exchange

The Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) introduced a change in its minimum tick sizes on April 13, 1998, for stocks traded at certain price ranges. We investigate the liquidity and market quality of the stocks affected by the tick size change, using a unique and comprehensive tick-by-tick data. We find that the quoted spread (effective spread) declined significantly by 20 to 50 percent (by 24 to 60 percent) after the tick size change. Reductions in spread are greater for firms with greater tick size reductions, greater trading activity, and higher transitory component in the bid–ask spread. Although investors are more aggressive in posting quotes, there is no definite evidence of an increase in trading volume. Overall, our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the minimum tick size creates economic rents for liquidity providers, which is lowered upon tick size reduction. J. Japanese Int. Economies 21 (2) (2007) 173–194.     

Managing the economy,managing the people: Britain c.1931–701

The rise and consolidation of national economic management is one of the key themes of British economic and political history in the middle decades of the twentieth century. This article seeks to complement the existing substantial literature focused upon elite economic policy‐making processes with an analysis of how that economic management has been accompanied by persistent government attempts to develop and popularize new understandings of 'the economy'. In this way, governments were involved in a profound shift in their relationship with the wider society, as they sought to shape the beliefs and behaviour of producers, consumers, and the public in general. The article attempts to link the elite discourse of national economic management to the attempts to shape popular understandings about the economy, and the (problematic) impact of these understandings on behaviour. The particular focus is on the 1960s, when these attempts reached some kind of culmination.     

A STUDY OF THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF FARMERS IN TAIWAN, 1931–1950

A quantitative analysis is made herein of the Taiwanese farmhousehold economy in 1931, 1937, 1941, and 1950. The results reveal (1) farm expenditure and income for all types of farmers in 1950 were less than in 1931, the only year for which comparable figures are available; (2) in 1950 both the consumption expenses for most farmers and Engel's Coefficient for all types of farmers showed inferior conditions for that year as compared to the earlier periods; (3) secondary living expenses in 1950 only amounted to two-thirds of those in the previous periods; (4) the poor situation in 1950 was caused by the decline of the rice price ratio and of cultivated area, which combined to offset the benefits derived from rent reduction for tenants, and (5) food expenses for all the periods, however, maintained a per capita annual level of 48–49 yen at the 1937 value.     

Integration between the London and New York Stock Exchanges, 1825–1925

In this article the integration between the London and New York Stock Exchanges is analysed during the era when they were still developing as asset markets. The domestic securities on both exchanges showed little sustained integration, even when controlling for the different characteristics of stocks, which implies that the pricing of securities in the US and UK was still being driven by local factors. These results place a limit on the view that the pre‐First World War period was the first era of globalization in terms of capital markets. However, there was considerable integration between New York and those listings on London that operated internationally. This suggests that the listing of foreign securities may be one of the primary mechanisms driving asset market integration.     

Market Integration in the Golden Periphery. The Lisbon/London Exchange, 1854–1891

Portugal was the first independent nation to follow Britain in joining the gold standard. Although beset by persistent current account deficits and heavily dependent on foreign capital inflows, it enjoyed a relatively stable tenure of 37 years on gold. This paper shows how it was possible to secure currency stability, despite a lower credibility for the peg and a higher incidence of gold point violations than in core countries. The explanation lies in the central role played by institutional actors, such as the Bank of Portugal and/or the government, whose interventions in the exchange market kept the parity within the band.     

Demand for International Reserves and Exchange Rate Policy in Taiwan, 1979–1990*

Taiwan has experienced a huge trade surplus and a rapid growth in the money supply since the 1970s. This paper constructs and estimates a model that takes into account the demand for international reserves, price levels, and the joint determination of the exchange rate, the demand for money, and the balance of payments in Taiwan during the period 1979 to 1990. We focus our attention especially on the period from 1986 to 1990 when foreign reserves rapidly accumulated and the appreciation expectations prevailed. Our estimate of exchange rate reaction function accords with what is expected. The exchange rate appreciations had a favourable effect on the stabilization of price levels. In addition, the exchange rate and its expectations play important roles in the demand for money equation.     

Rural labour markets and rural conflict in Spain before the Civil War (1931–6)1

This article looks at the causes of rural conflict in 1930s Spain. Rather than stressing bottom‐up forces of mobilization linked to poor harvests and rural unemployment or the inability of the state to enforce reformist legislation, this article explores the role of state policy in sorting out the acute coordination and collective action problems of mobilizing rural labourers. This is done by looking at the effects of intervention on rural labour markets in dry‐farming areas of Spain (parts of Castile and of Andalusia). Given the difficulties of constructing a conclusive test of the hypothesis, three indirect testing strategies are used. The first is an examination of the qualitative evidence on the functioning of labour markets in dry‐farming areas of Spain. Second, because the argument presented in this article implies the existence of severe restrictions on the labour supply of rural labourers during the harvest in the early 1930s, harvest‐to‐winter wage ratios before and after the passing of legislation are studied. Finally, the diffusion of union offices and general strikes in several dry‐farming provinces of Spain is examined, in order to show that alternative hypotheses to explain rural conflict are not consistent with the historical record.     

美国股票交易所

美国股票交易所《American Stock Exchange,简称AMEX）是美国唯一一家交易所有种类的股票、期权、ETFs、HOLDRs和结构化产品的股票交易所。作为ETFs的创始人,AMEX一直是全球ETFs交易中心,同时还是美国最大的期权交易所之一。AMEX的市场定位在于,成为中小公司股票上市的主要场所：并在ETFs上市方面继续处于领先地位,努力成为美国第一的期权交易所。     

美国芝加哥股票交易所

一、芝加哥股票交易所发展史回顾 1864年至1882年间,在英国工业革命的带动下,美国芝加哥市的炼钢业和制造业飞速发展,很多大企业在发展中迫切需要资金。股票经纪商在芝加哥市应运而生,他们向公众筹集资金为工业发展解决资金瓶颈,并从中获利。     

美国波士顿股票交易所

美国波士顿股票交易所是美国历史上第三家股票交易所，是仅次于纽约和伦敦的世界第三大投资管理中心，是美国成长最快的股票交易所，对推动波士顿地区和整个美国的金融与经济发展起到了重要作用。     

美国全国股票交易所

美国全国股票交易所（National Stock Exchange,NSX）的前身是辛辛那提股票交易所,全部电子化交易已经使其成为美国拥有第三大交易量的股票交易所,是美国NASDAQ、NYSE和AMEX上市股票成本最低的交易场所,正在逐渐从一家地方性交易所发展成为全国性交易所。