Political dimensions of environmental conflicts in Kosi Bay,South Africa: significance of the new post-apartheid governance system

The new demarcation of land in Kosi Bay, aimed at reversing the spatial legacy of apartheid, has resulted in competition and new environmental conflicts between political structures, conservation authorities and local communities. The current complex governance framework is attempting to overcome the problems created by the political structures of the apartheid era, during which time the declaration of natural areas for conservation resulted in forced removals and negative perceptions of conservation. The case study of Kosi Bay, a strategic area for tourism development, is a typical example of various confrontations that reflect the history of the past and the rivalries of the present.     

基于PSR模型和熵权法的南宁市城市土地集约利用评价

以南宁市为例，基于PSR模型建立土地集约利用评价体系，运用熵权法对各项指标测算权重，定量评价南宁市土地集约利用情况。结果表明：2012-2021年南宁市土地集约利用水平不断提高，土地压力系统呈先下降后上升的趋势，土地状态系统呈上升趋势，土地响应状态比较平稳，土地集约利用协调度也处于一个较平稳的状态。南宁市人口密度不断上升，土地压力成上升趋势，但建设用地增长率逐渐下降，说明南宁市建设用地扩张的趋势有明显的好转。     

基于物元模型的土地生态安全评价——以乌鲁木齐市为例

为了保证土地长久可持续的利用,必须对土地生态安全进行研究。本文选择以乌鲁木齐作为研究区域,对比乌鲁木齐市十年来的土地生态安全综合值,成总体上升趋势,土地生态安全状态由“恶劣级”状态逐步向“较安全”状态转变,但根据关联度具体值均位于（-1,0）之间,表明所处状态不是很稳定稳定。以2003年、2009年、2012年为典型分析,2009年进入“敏感级”状态,但与“敏感级”状态的隶属程度并不十分突出,即“敏感级”状态也不是十分稳定。综合对比十年间的生态安全值,乌鲁木齐市土地生态安全的整体水平相对于“恶劣级”、“风险级”级别的隶属程度度逐渐减弱,而对于“敏感级”、“良好级”、“安全级级”的隶属度在逐渐加强。     

The death of land reform: A polemic

The ideology of land reform is separated by the author into two types of discourse: (1) historicists who seek to understand the dynamism of a development process, who see political action as confronting not only a structure of power, institutions and inequality, but also the forces which create, preserve and transform that structure; (2) technocrats who address themselves to governments and call for interventions in terms of administrative action, i.e. they seek to formulate a plan of action upon a static structure.The author discusses the implications of the two approaches for the issue of land reform and leads up to his own interpretation of the state, social classes and agrarian structure based on the belief that the removal of ‘feudal’ remnants does not necessarily lead to greater social equality. The transformation of the class structure is discussed in light of the above-mentioned ideologies. The author concludes that the issues at stake transcend land reform and argues that instead, they should encompass the quality and morality of political and economic relationships in society as a whole.     

农村养老保障制度变迁的逻辑分析——基于土地经营制度视角

中国农村养老保障制度自建立以来,就没有体现其作为基本社会制度的独立性和稳定性,而是作为国家发展战略和农村土地经营制度的配套政策并随其不断调整。随着我国土地经营制度的调整和市场经济的发展,农村社会养老保障机制必须摆脱其作为国家发展战略和农村土地经营制度的衍生品的色彩,回归其社会本性。     

我国土地制度完善的宪法学思考——以宪法中土地条款的变迁来考察

土地制度关涉农民的切身利益,农村的稳定,意义重大。宪法是国家的根本大法,应该对土地制度进行明确的规定。当代中国宪法中土地条款的变化反映土地制度的变迁,但仍存在诸多的问题,我们需要从宪法的高度思考问题,完善我国的土地征收补偿制度、土地的流转制度,用宪法来确认和保障农村土地制度变革的积极成果。     

对国有土地使用权出让年限问题的探讨

我国实行国有土地有偿、有期限的使用制度。土地使用权出让年限的大小关系到国家、土地使用者以及社会公众的利益。本文在详细分析当前土地使用权出让年限存在的问题后认为,我国的土地使用权法定最高出让年限过长,而一律按照法定最高出让年限确定出让年限也不合理。在此基础上提出合理确定土地使用权出让年限应遵循的原则以及具体建议。     

An estimate of aggregate supply response in South African agriculture

Agricultural supply has traditionally been assumed to be relatively inelastic. Time series estimates have generally supported this hypothesis. Estimates based on cross‐sectional observations have generally yielded higher elasticities. It has been argued that cross‐sectional analyses are more appropriate than time series analyses for estimating long‐run elasticities. A cross‐sectional analysis was done on South African data. Quantity supplied was shown to be a function of output/input price ratios, land quality, average rainfall and time. The long‐run supply elasticity appears to be approximately 0,92. This has important implications for agricultural price policy. Policies based on the assumption of very low supply elasticities are likely to distort markets and production.     

Trading Land Development Rights under a Planned Land Use System： The ＂Zhejiang Model＂

China＇ s state planned land use system, including regulations such as setting planned quotas for land use, basic cropland preservation, and pursuing a balance between the conversion of arable land into non-agricultural use and the supplement of new agricultural land, has substantially constrained the economic growth of industrial provinces in China. This article explores the innovative reforms adopted by Zhejiang Province through land development rights （LDR） transfer within a locality and LDR trading across localities. We argue that there is a ＂Zhejiang model of LDR transferring and trading,＂ which, we believe, has significant implications not only for fostering an efficiency-enhancing market for land development rights and agricultural land preservation, but also for optimal use of land and a more balanced regional development. One important policy issue relating to China＇s rural land system is that under China＇ s land requisition system, farmers are usually under compensated for urban land-taking.     

农地流转参与主体与社会福利的关联度

我国经济的持续、快速发展和城镇化进程的加快推进,在很大程度上依靠农村集体土地转用为城市国有建设用地提供的资源支撑。然而,我国存在的农村与城市二元土地制度、国家垄断城市土地一级市场、农村集体土地产权制度的模糊等土地制度和政策缺陷,成为制约城市社会经济发展和城镇化、工业化进程的关键。在充分考虑集体建设用地入市流转的各参与主体利益及社会福利变化的基础上,应引入农村建设用地发展权的市场交易模式,建立和规范城乡统一建设用地市场,提高土地要素的流动和利用效率。     

The land question in KwaZulu: Is land reform necessary?

Land reform in the ‘homelands’ depends on whether or not a viable economy can emerge in these areas. If not, the only alternative may be to accept the failure of rural development and follow the new state policy line of ‘positive urbanization’. Outside the limits of state policy, the apparent consensus on freehold tenure may be illusory. Black‐held priorities for land appear to differ at base from those held up by white groups. White business interests want to see large‐scale commercial farming, while blacks want the free and secure right to hold and deal in land, together with a right to use rural land for residential purposes.

There is renewed international interest in land reform. Some of the Far Eastern market economies have obtained startling rises in production under a reform regime of owner‐operated mini‐farms. It is doubtful if this type of reform is appropriate in KwaZulu, where the tenure system already strongly protects the universal right to hold land, and where the community's small role in land matters is still important to local self‐organization capacity. More appropriate models might be found in Zimbabwe and China, which have also achieved sharp rises in small‐farm production without full freehold tenure. Zimbabwe's village committee system recognizes existing land rights and allows for substantial local option. In China, decentralization policies seem to be encouraging a new rural economy in which most of the population may eventually be absorbed into self‐generated nonfarm activity. This kind of enterprise‐led rural development, may offer a possible pattern for KwaZulu.     

中国城市化发展模式的土地制度检讨

转变中国城市化发展模式需要对土地制度进行反思和改革。集体土地所有权制度的改革可以成就几亿农民工的真正城市化;征地制度的改革将倒逼政府用心于集约型城市化发展模式;破除农地转非农地的国家垄断使得农民持续分享城市化的成果;建立统一的建设用地交易市场可以实现土地资源的优化配置,促进城市化发展方式的转变;确立土地利用总体规划法的权威,可以均衡城市化发展与耕地保护等价值目标。     

Pirates and invaders: Land acquisition in urban Colombia and Venezuela

In Bogotá the poor purchase the land on which they build their homes; in Valencia they invade public and private land. Why are there such different attitudes on the part of the state in the two cities? Why indeed do the local authorities discourage land invasion in Bogotá but permit illegal subdivisions, while in Valencia invasion settlements aresometimes positively encouraged and usually serviced? Does the difference lie in the local political situations, in the nature of the land market, in the planning or legislative framework or in the attitudes of the poor? Whatever the exact cause one fact remains clear; both mechanisms provide the poor with sufficient land to maintain political stability and to prevent incursions into the housing areas of the rich. Such outcomes are encouraged by the policies of the local service and planning agencies. So successful are these mechanisms indeed, that rather than providing a threat to the political and economic system, invasions and pirate urbanizations actively support it.     

成都市土地资源可持续利用评价

土地资源可持续利用评价是衡量土地资源是否达到合理利用的评判标准,是评价和监测土地可持续利用的状态和程度。本文从环境、资源、经济及社会四个准则层出发,选取 21个因素作为参评因子,建立评价指标体系;运用基于时点评价法、线性比例法与熵权法进行综合测算,对成都市土地资源可持续利用进行针对性的实践研究。结果表明,成都市土地可持续利用处于一般可持续利用状态,整体态势良好。但成都市土地利用的环境保护性还有待进一步加强,注重协调耕地与社会经济发展的关系,进一步提高耕地的土地利用效益。     

Changing Land Tenure Arrangements and Access to Primary Assets under Globalization: A Case Study of Two Villages in Anglophone Cameroon

Abstract: This paper illustrates how, in relation to globalization, formal and informal land institutions are prone to generate conflict over land rights and examines the implications of such conflicts on security levels of access to primary assets for the poor in two villages in Cameroon — Vekovi and Ekona. The land laws in Cameroon are an outcome of its colonial heritage and exist alongside the communal tenure system. As the issue of land awareness comes to the fore, engendered partly by population pressure, relative price changes and the commoditization of land, conflicts develop: farmer–grazer conflicts in Vekovi, and farmer–farmer and indigenous people–state conflicts in Ekona. The rent‐seeking attitude of administrative and judicial authorities, who use inconsistencies in the dual tenure system, reduces the possibility of negotiating lasting solutions to land‐related conflicts in these villages. The social cost of this behaviour is not limited only to mutual distrust but also includes the opportunity costs of both time and financial resources mobilized by the parties in conflict to follow‐up legal procedures. The informal land tenure system generally operates in opposition to the national land laws in our case study villages, an atmosphere that generates or exacerbates conflict situations that create insecurity and restrict productivity‐enhancing investments. Land markets are more buoyant in Ekona, which is relatively more cosmopolitan and with farm‐to‐market roads that are fairly developed, than in Vekovi, which experiences net out‐migration and is poorly accessible. As a more homogenous society with strong traditional conventions, land transfer in Vekovi remains biased in favour of males, while Ekona enjoys gender neutrality in access to land. Conflict adjudication in the case study villages would be more legitimate if both formal and informal interpretations inform the land dispute settlement mechanisms.     

功能主义视角下的社区分化与整合——以SY市C社区为例

改革开放以来,随着经济的不断发展和户籍制度的开放,中国城市化进程加快。同时,更多的人从农村迁移到城市,城市社区日益发展完善。在C社区,居民的社会地位、经济地位、文化地位、政治地位、社会评价标准处于严重的社会分化状态。而导致社区分化的最根本的原因就是强制性的拆迁征地,破坏了原来社区的共享价值观,让整个社区系统失去平衡。因此,建构一种健康、和谐、平衡的社区整合路径,具有重要的意义。     

Institutions and Rural Stagnation in Eastern Indonesia

This article addresses why agricultural productivity is still very low in peripheral parts of eastern Indonesia. The paper identifies rules and norms underpinning traditionalism. It further addresses how increased land-use efficiency can be supported while maintaining communal land ownership. Information collected from in-depth interviews was analysed based on new institutional economics (NIE) theory. I argue that the government, adat leaders, the Catholic Church, leading businesses, and internationally funded NGOs are organisations contributing to the status quo. Policy recommendations include awareness among international donors of what NGOs really do. Civil society organisations could contribute to a more efficient and democratic government and less feudalist traditional leadership. A government tax on fertile land could form the basis for a cadastre system, secure farmers’ permanent land-user rights, and also enhance land productivity, without reducing the values of a rich culture based on communal land.     

A panel study of zombie SMEs in Japan: Identification,borrowing and investment behavior

Utilizing a panel dataset of firms for the period 1999–2008, we estimated the prevalence of zombies among Japanese Small- and Medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their borrowing and investment behaviors. We observe that 4–13% of SMEs were zombie firms during the period 1999–2008. The estimation of the borrowing function reveals that SME zombie firms did not change their loans in response to a change in land values due to evergreening. We also observe that the profitability of investment, measured by marginal q, did not have positive effects on investments of zombie firms. This indicates that investment increase resulting from evergreen loans was not necessarily productive or profitable.     

回归地理特性 探讨海权本质

凝聚社会共识、辅助政治决策者们制定国家政策方针,在这样的目标牵引之下,各个地缘政治学派从诞生至今的一百多年来,对国际政治格局的发展产生了深远的影响,然而它们也总是陷入到备受推崇与饱受批判的两极评价之中。马汉在19世纪末提出的海权论同样无法摆脱这样的命运。同时从另一方面来看,与陆权和空权不同,海权从理论诞生的初始至今,就是一个超越了单纯的军事范畴,而更加广泛地涵盖了经济、政策、社会等各种因素的地缘政治概念。因此,海权虽然成为了一个人人嚷嚷上口的地缘政治概念,但是其具体的概念定义却在众口纷纭的争议之中,一直没能够在理论上得以清晰。作者从回归海洋地理特性的角度出发,分析了海洋所具有的不可分割、不可人居、不可据守、不可筑防、隔陆成岛的地缘广阔性、连续性、单一性和媒介性,在厘清海洋这些不同于陆地的独特地缘特性之后,进而指出所谓海权,从本质上来说是指一个国家跨洋联结大陆的意志和能力,具体表现为三个方面互相支撑的内容:一是一个国家自身在开放经济上的组织、发展能力和政策意志,二是在军事斗争上以海军为主轴的战略支撑能力和政策意志,三是国家和社会公众对于信息资源的开发、利用能力与政策意志。     

基于生态足迹的天津市可持续发展动态研究

通过对天津市2006—2015年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行计算和分析,结果表明,天津市的生态足迹的变化与经济发展状态基本吻合,但是多年来的生态赤字表明天津市发展一直处于不可持续发展状态,虽然资源利用水平一直在提升,且在“十二五”期间,资源需求与供给的不协调状态有所缓和,但城市的可持续发展依然面临着严峻的考验。控制城市人口增速;开发利用清洁能源;协调生态生产性土地面积分配和塑造居民环保价值观念都是提升城市可持续发展水平的重要途径。