标准差距对我国农产品贸易影响的实证分析

基于我国对美国、日本和德国1995～2005年蜂蜜出口的面板数据．文章以蜂蜜出口为例，就国内外标准差距对我国农产品贸易的影响进行理论和实证分析。结果表明：近年来，国内外农业标准的差距对我国农产品出口产生了负面影响，我国的经济发展水平与我国农产品的出口有正相关关系，我国无公害标准的制订和实施对我国农产品的出口没有发挥应有的促进作用。在此基础上提出简单的政策建议。     

Effects of cultural institutes on bilateral trade and FDI flows: Cultural diplomacy or economic altruism?

The number of cultural institutes from major developed and developing countries increased significantly in the last twenty years. In this paper, using cross-sectional and panel data analysis on bilateral trade in goods and services, and FDI inflows and outflows, we examine the economic effects of 1,266 cultural institutes from China, France, Germany, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and UK for the period of 1990–2015. The empirical results suggest that cultural institutes have significantly positive trade and FDI enhancing effects, which are persistent over time. However, these effects are most robust only with goods exports and FDI outflows. Furthermore, the economic effects of cultural institutes are not homogenous across destinations and are the strongest for developed rather than developing host countries. There is also significant heterogeneity among cultural institutes with significant differences in their economic effects on different types of bilateral trade and FDI flows.     

Germany’s Post- Wirtschaftswunder Struggle

For many years after World War II, Germany’s economic output grew very rapidly—a period commonly referred to as the “Wirtschaftswunder,” or economic miracle. It came to an end in the 1970s. This paper addresses three questions: Why did growth decline after the 1970s? Why did Germany take so long to embark on reforms? What is the economic outlook today? It argues that two factors were responsible for falling growth: the end of the post-World War II economic catch-up and a failure to reform the economy in response to shocks. Because of Germany’s political system, economic reforms require broad popular support. However, this support changes constantly due to frequent elections, which makes it difficult for governments to push through ambitious reforms that typically have payoffs stretching beyond electoral cycles. Nonetheless, the depth of the 2001-05 economic downturn and Germany’s comparatively poor economic growth performance in Europe have by now forged a general agreement on the need for change. The European Union, notably with its policies that combat state aid and that call for sound fiscal positions, has played an important role in forging this agreement. Accordingly, Germany’s economic outlook has by now improved noticeably, although significant challenges remain.     

Export Entry,Export Exit and Productivity in German Manufacturing Industries

This paper contributes to the flourishing literature on exports and productivity by using a unique newly available panel of exporting establishments from the manufacturing sector of Germany from 1995 to 2004 to test three hypotheses motivated by a theoretical model by Hopenhayn (Econometrica 1992): (H1) Firms that stop exporting in year t were in t?1 less productive than firms that continue to export in t. (H2) Firms that start to export in year t are less productive than firms that export both in year t?1 and in year t. (H3) Firms from a cohort of export starters that still export in the last year of the panel were more productive in the start year than firms from the same cohort that stopped exporting in between. While results for West Germany support all three hypotheses, this is only the case for (H1) and (H2) in East Germany.     

Deutschlands hohe Ungleichheit verursacht wirtschaftlichen Schaden

“Welfare for everyone”, according to former chancellor and economics minister Ludwig Erhard, has been the credo of Germany’s economic and social policy for the past 60 years. However, Germany is increasingly failing to achieve this objective.Germany is a country of enormous inequality – income, wealth and opportunities are distributed more unequally in Germany than in almost any other industrialised country. This inequality imposes huge economic costs for Germany, as evidenced by lower economic growth and declines in other indicators of well-being. And it has triggered a harmful fight among groups of society for public resources. This fight will further intensify with the dramatic changes Germany is currently undergoing, from demographic change to globalisation to the migration challenge. The main culprit for the high and rising inequality is not a lack of public redistribution of income and wealth, but rather the unusually high inequality of opportunity, through which an ever higher share of citizens is deprived of the chance to develop and use their talents and skills. Such barriers have become massive, beginning already in early childhood.     

Between politics and economics

The Federal Republic of Germany considers trade between itself and East Germany not as foreign, but as domestic trade. Since the division of Germany these economic contacts have often given rise to heated discussion and bitter criticism. The close connection between political and economic aims is constantly engendering new fuel. The collision of two completely opposed systems raises a multiplicity of fresh problems.     

德国农村社会保障制度及其借鉴

德国农村社会保障制度的建立和发展有着深刻的社会历史背景,具有与经济发展水平相协调、保障水平科学、责任分担合理、社会保险机构实施自治管理、立法较为完善等成功之处,多年来为维护德国社会的稳定、经济的繁荣、人民生活水平的提高,发挥了巨大的作用。通过分析德国农村社会保障制度的成功经验,旨在整合我国现有的农村社会保障制度资源,为我国农村社会保障制度的完善寻求借鉴。     

The role of small firms in East Germany

This paper examines the role which small firms in East Germany have played under the system of combines and the important contribution they can make in the current reform process. The evolution of a striking trend towards the centralization of economic power in the GDR during the last three decades is documented. Not only has the share of economic activity accounted for by the combines greatly increased, but the number of establishments, and particularly small establishments, has drastically decreased. It is concluded that the establishment of a vital entrepreneurial sector is essential if East Germany is to succeed in its process of economic reform and the transition to the market economy.     

Soziale Marktwirtschaft – das Fundament für Wachstum und Gerechtigkeit

Among all G20 countries, Germany has the lowest level of inequality in terms of disposable income. Germany’s tax and transfer system – which has a strong and effective redistributive impact compared with other countries – plays a key role in this connection. Over the past ten years, positive growth and employment trends have significantly improved opportunities for economic participation and have put a stop to previous trends towards greater income inequality. In order to safeguard efficient growth and redistributive policies in the future, it is essential for Germany to maintain sufficient incentives for investment, innovation and employment. Political reform strategies to ensure equality of opportunity should aim to achieve a more broad-based accumulation of private wealth and to strengthen labour force participation. The promotion of lifelong education and training, and the economic and social application of the knowledge created in this process, will play a decisive role in achieving these objectives.     

Einkommens- und Vermögensverteilung — zu ungleich?

The distribution of income and wealth in Germany grew increasingly unequal until the beginning of the financial crisis. But inequality has not risen in either Germany or Switzerland since 2005. Nevertheless, Germans overestimate inequality. The German gap between reality and perception of inequality is important to investigate, as the subjective assessment of inequality influences redistribution preferences. Rising inequality may damage social stability and democracy, but it is unclear whether economists are able to assess a “proper and just” distribution. Interdependencies are discussed: Does a more equal distribution create negative effects on economic growth? How does Germany rank internationally with regard to distribution? Social mobility rates differ substantially across countries; what are the implications for economic policy?     

Population Health and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Panel Cointegration Analysis

The article investigates the extent to which the health of the population affects the economic performance using panel data for 30 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1970–2010. Using a theoretical model based on an augmented Solow growth model, the authors estimate the relationship between population health capital and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa using panel cointegration econometric strategy. They find that the health status of the population has not significantly driven economic performance. Accounting for the effect of HIV/AIDS, however, resulted in a significant negative effect of population health on economic growth. Furthermore, the obverse seems rather plausibly the case, as economic growth significantly increases life expectancy in the region.     

混业经营下金融发展与经济增长——基于亚洲地区的非稳定面板数据分析

文章使用面板单位根与面板协整方法，实证研究混业经营条件下金融发展与经济增长的关系。研究表明：混业经营条件下金融发展与经济增长存在面板协整关系。即金融发展与经济增长有长期均衡关系；银行发展水平质量的提高与经济增长有显著正相关关系．然而银行发展水平数量的提高，阻碍经济增长；股票市场与经济增长有显著正相关关系，而且这种关系比较稳定。     

Globalisation: Exodus of German industry?

Many commentaries on the present economic situation contend that Germany is increasingly “exporting jobs” rather than producing competitive goods and services. Can Germany continue to compete effectively with other business locations in the battle for mobile investment capital?     

Warum sich Deutschland der Rezession im Euroraum widersetzen kann

Germany is economically closely intertwined with the other member countries of the euro area. Some of these countries are in a deep recession, and it is feared that Germany will not manage to avoid being swept up by this economic burden for long. However, the German economy also benefits from the depreciation of the euro and low interest rates in the euro area — both of which are results of the economic slump in the euro area, too. In order to get an idea of the magnitude of these countervailing effects, we perform simulations with the RWI-Multi Country model.     

Strong economic upturn in Germany

A strong economic upturn has developed in Germany. But are there disparities between eastern and western Germany? What developments have there been in foreign trade and monetary policy? Are stimuli from fiscal policy to be expected? How good are the prospects for the year ahead?     

Die Demografi estrategie der Bundesregierung — ein Weg zu mehr Wohlstand?

How can Germany maintain its high standard of living as its workforce decreases in number and there are ever fewer skilled workers available? The economic challenge associated with demographic change is to achieve a productivity increase large enough to prevent a decline in the principal indicator of prosperity — per capita GDP. Does the demographic strategy pursued by Germany in 2012 refl ect this central challenge? Only to a certain extent. The core message of this paper is that qualifi cation — in the form of lifelong learning — is a central driver of increased productivity and is, by extension, the sustainable solution for Germany.     

入境旅游发展与经济增长的非线性关系——基于门限面板数据模型的实证研究

文章应用门限面板数据模型,采用1997-2007年我国31个省、市、自治区的数据对我国经济增长与入境旅游业发展之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明入境旅游发展与经济增长之间存在门限效应,即入境旅游收入占GDP的百分比低于2.36%时,入境旅游业的发展对地区经济增长的促进作用并不显著;当该比例高于2.36%时,入境旅游业的发展对地区经济增长有显著促进作用。同时,研究结果表明处于两种状态下的地区其经济增长均不具有条件收敛性,入境旅游发展缩小区域差异的作用没有得到验证。     

A causal relationship between trade efficiency and economic efficiency: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous equations models

The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between economic efficiency and trade efficiency using dynamic panel data in simultaneous equations models for global panel of 50 countries over the period 2000–2014. The study also implements this interrelationship for two groups of countries based on their level of development. Two models applying different factors reflecting countries’ economic and trade policies are proposed to measure the targeted efficiencies using data envelopment analysis method. Evidence from the simultaneous equations models to identify a relationship between economic efficiency and trade efficiency supports the bidirectional causality between them in all three categories of countries. It has been also found that both economic and institutional factors have a significant positive influence on trade and growth performance, with the effect of political factors being especially pronounced for developing countries that suffer from weak institutional capacity. These empirical findings are of particular interest to policy-makers as they help to build sound policies in order to maximize trade performance as well as economic efficiency.     

FOCUS: Corporate Dialogue - a new perspective for Public Relations

Recent initiatives in Germany illustrate how major companies have changed their attitudes towards a critical public - and thereby have improved their economic and ethical performance. Prof. Dr. Horst Steinmann and Dipl.-Kfm. Ansgar Zerfaß belong to the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.     

An optimistic look at the year 1968

After almost twenty years of unparalleled economic growth, the Federal Republic of Germany has experienced a setback in 1967. The Federal Republic's Government is attempting to overcome this crisis with purposive economic policies. INTERECONOMICS had the opportunity of speaking to the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs, Professor Schiller, about development prospects for the German economy for 1968.