效率工资理论的新发展：阿克洛夫的观点

阿克洛夫的效率工资理论,通过吸收社会学、人类学的研究成果,将人的劳动行为看成基于公平出发的社会习俗。根据这一习俗,企业支付的工资不少于工人预期的公平工资,而工人根据企业支付的工资决定自己的努力程度,从而决定自己的边际产出。对于追求利润最大化的企业来说,并非支付的工资越高越好,支付工人的工资应等于工人的边际产出。当公平工资高于市场出清工资时,非自愿失业问题出现,工人技术程度与其失业率负相关。二元劳动力市场的现实与人类内生的行为规范,使得非自愿失业问题的解决前景十分悲观。     

薪酬管理是以人为本企业文化的诠释

一、薪酬管理理论 工资是市场竞争的产物。随着社会经济发展和劳动市场的完善，尤其是人们对微观经济学的深入研究形成了比较系统的近代工资理论，如由英国经济学家马歇尔提出边际生产效率工资理论，认为一个完全自由的市场中，企业为了获得最大利润，必然要实现生产要素的最佳配置，就劳动力要素而言，表现为雇用工人的边际产出等于付给工人的工资。这就揭示了工资水平与劳动生产率之间的关系。以经济学家莫里斯·多布为代表又提出集体交涉工资理论，认为工资水平反映企业与员工之间关系由两者之间利益对比决定，集体谈判就是协调双方的利益，决定工资水平的主要方式。他不是从经济角度研究工资问题，而是从社会政治角度解释工资问题的。     

性别工资差异中的企业效应

现有对性别工资差异的研究大多是基于个人样本的分析而忽略了企业的作用。本文运用企业和工人匹配的调查数据研究性别工资差异中的企业效应。研究发现,在工资决定方程中加入企业效应后工人的教育回报显著下降,且在性别工资差异的分解中加入企业效应后禀赋效应和价格效应所占的比例也显著下降,企业在性别工资差异中有着非常重要的作用。进一步研究发现,企业的外部市场环境和内部制度特征是决定企业性别工资差异程度的重要因素,市场竞争激烈的企业、经常采用计件工资制的企业以及内部职工收入差距较大的企业性别工资差异较大,小规模企业和私有产权比重较大的企业也呈现较大的性别工资差异,但工人的谈判能力有缩小性别工资差异的作用。     

效率工资的理论与实践研究

一、效率工资的理论分析1.边际生产率工资理论的局限性。边际生产率工资理论认为 ,企业工人工资的高低是由劳动投入要素的边际产值决定的 ,工人的劳动边际产值越高 ,工资越高。这一理论的基础是古典经济学的边际分析 ,厂商利润最大化的条件是边际成本等于边际收益 ,工人的工资取决于工人的边际生产力 ,厂商劳动力的最佳雇佣量是劳动的边际成本等于劳动的边际收益。边际生产率工资理论成立是有较为严格的假设 :①工人的劳动是可以精确地度量。确定工人劳动的边际产值 ,须要对工人的劳动贡献作准确无误的测量 ,但实际上 ,对工人的劳动贡献是很…     

失业利益与工资谈判:一个博弈模型

本文通过一个可以中途退出谈判的讨价还价模型 ,刻画了存在失业利益条件下的工人和企业之间的工资议价行为。结论是 :失业利益将加强工人的工资要价能力 ,降低工人求职的努力程度 ,过高的失业利益甚至导致工人提前结束谈判 ,而过低的失业利益导致工人在各阶段的工资要价都较低 ;由于信息不对称 ,企业可以凭借信息优势对工人的要价进行压价。理论上 ,存在最优的失业保障。     

中国垄断行业与非垄断行业收入决定机制差异

本文采用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,从均值收入和分布收入角度考察垄断行业和非垄断行业收入决定机制的差异。研究结果表明:垄断行业并不具有特征优势,垄断行业与非垄断行业间的收入差距主要由特征回报差异所决定;市场机制在非垄断行业发挥了更大的作用,而垄断行业的收入决定机制则更具"共享式"的特征;性别和地区差异对垄断行业的收入起到抑制作用,垄断行业过度的"论资排辈"拉高了工资分布高端的工资溢价;对垄断行业的收入规制,对象应是工资分布高端人群,措施应是减少论资排辈而实施更具激励性的工资决定机制。     

效率工资的决定机理及在薪酬管理中的作用

效率工资理论认为支付比市场工资更高的工资，劳动总成本可能更小，企业能获得更多的利润。索罗条件表明最佳工资水平与价格无关，仅仅取决于工资—努力的相关关系。怠工模型表明，在非怠工约束条件下，无论求职者如何保证，在低于效率工资水平上工人的最佳行为策略就是怠工，工人的保证是不可信的。工作转换模型表明在其他条件不变时，企业支付较高的工资可以降低工人的工作转换率，效率工资理论在理论上和现实的薪酬管理中都展示了极其强大的威力。     

美、日两国企业人力资源管理模式比较

美国的市场经济运行很大程度上依赖于劳动力市场对于人力资源的市场化配置。在美国，劳动力市场很发达，人力资源的流动性比较大，人力资源工资价格水平由市场决定。企业首先根据劳动力的生产费用和劳动力市场的供求关系及供求平衡状况，拟订各级各类技术、管理岗位及技术工人或其他岗位的工资价格。     

风险偏好、内生技术进步与工资不平等

本文在技术内生框架下,构建了一个用以研究风险偏好对工资不平等影响的理论模型。该模型的结果表明,受收入来源多元化、资产分布多样化的影响,高技能部门生产者显示出较低的风险规避倾向,将资源更多地配置到不确定性的研发活动中,由此获得高于低技能部门的技术进步率。技术进步的这种技能偏向,必然扩大两个部门劳动者的工资差异。     

国有部门与非国有部门工资差异及人力资本贡献

本文利用微观调查数据,对我国国有部门与非国有部门的工资差异进行了实证研究。在对工资差异进行分解后,本文发现,我国国有部门的工资优势中有80%以上来自于人力资本的优势,这说明人力资本在国有部门的工资决定中已经发挥了决定性作用。但人力资本对工资差异的贡献在工资分布区间并不均匀,它随着工资从高分位点到低分位点逐渐降低,与此对应的是工资溢价随工资从高分位点到低分位点逐渐升高。从工资差异看,在工资分布的高端——高知识高技能人才的密集区,工资差异完全体现为人力资本的差异,而在工资分布的低端——低技能劳动力的密集区,工资差异有很大一部分是人力资本无法解释的,也即溢价。本研究认为,造成这种现象的原因在于国有部门"共享式"的工资决定模式。这种模式倾向于在压低高技能劳动力的报酬率的同时,抬高低技能劳动力的报酬率。所以国有部门的工资决定应进一步强化人力资本的报酬机制,以提高效率,增强竞争力。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...