数字技术采纳会促进农户创业吗？——基于土地流转的调节效应分析

农户创业有利于实现农民的稳定增收,巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴的有效衔接。文章基于中国社会状况调查（CSS）2019的数据,通过倾向得分匹配方法（PSM）,探究分析了数字技术采纳对农户创业的影响效应,并引入土地流转这个关键变量,分析其在两者间的作用关系。结果显示,数字技术采纳会显著促进农户创业,在更换模型和更换核心自变量进行稳健性检验后结果仍然成立;土地流转在数字技术采纳和农户创业之间存在调节作用,强化了数字技术采纳对农户创业的促进作用;进一步分析可知,数字技术采纳对农户创业的促进作用在不同代际、不同教育层次、不同地区存在异质性。因此,为进一步促进农户创业,要进一步强化数字技术在农业农村的应用,并不断完善土地流转的相关机制。     

互联网使用对农户采纳绿色农业技术的影响研究——基于河北省436个设施蔬菜种植户的调研数据

目的 推广绿色农业技术、强化农业绿色发展的科技支撑是实现农业经济高质量发展的根本要求。方法 文章选择了4项设施蔬菜种植户常用的绿色农业技术（抗病虫抗逆性强的新品种、生物防治、生物农药、水肥一体化）,通过计算互联网使用综合得分,运用有序Probit模型实证分析了互联网使用对农户绿色农业技术采纳强度的影响。进一步,结合工具变量法和条件混合过程估计法（CMP）来克服互联网使用的内生性问题,同时检验了社会网络在互联网影响绿色农业技术采纳过程中的调节效应。结果 互联网使用能够显著提高农户的绿色农业技术采纳强度,互联网使用程度高的农户更倾向于采纳多项绿色农业技术;社会网络在互联网使用影响绿色农业技术采纳行为的过程中具有负向调节作用,在影响农户采纳绿色农业技术的过程中互联网使用能够对社会网络产生替代作用。结论 政府应加快推进农村地区互联网基础设施建设,增加农户使用互联网的可行性和便易性;积极开发公益性的绿色技术知识普及、培训、推广和教学软件,帮助农户认识、接受并采纳绿色农业技术;引导农户使用互联网促进产品销售,实现绿色农产品的优质优价。     

收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为的影响——基于有调节的中介效应分析

[目的]农户采纳秸秆还田技术的自觉行为是加强农业生态环境建设以及提高农业可持续发展能力的关键步骤之一,文章以农户的政策认知作为中介变量,信息获取能力为调节变量,探究收入质量对农户自觉采纳秸秆还田技术的作用路径。[方法]基于湖北省654份农户调研数据,运用熵值法和Bootstrap有调节的中介检验方法探讨收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为的影响机理。[结果]（1）收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为有显著的正向影响,相比于收入质量较低的农户,拥有高水平收入质量的农户更加自觉地采纳秸秆还田技术;（2）在收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为的影响过程中,政策认知发挥着正向中介作用,信息获取能力正向调节收入质量通过政策认知影响农户自觉采纳秸秆还田技术的间接效应。[结论]政府应该多措并举,促进农户收入水平高质量增长;强化政策宣传教育,提升农户生态环保认知;扩宽农户信息获取渠道,提高信息整合能力,从而进一步加快实现农民富和农村美的协调统一。     

风险偏好与农户技术采纳行为分析——基于契约农业视角再考察

农业技术扩散缓慢在中国农业生产中普遍存在。本文基于理论分析和对肉鸡养殖户的调查数据,结合农户风险偏好的实验结果,对农户风险偏好与技术采纳行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:(1)风险厌恶程度对农户是否采纳技术有显著的负向影响,风险厌恶程度越高的农户技术采纳可能性越低。(2)风险厌恶程度对农户技术采纳时间有显著的负向影响,风险厌恶程度越高的农户技术采纳时间越晚。(3)参与契约农业有助于缓解农户风险厌恶程度对技术采纳行为的抑制作用,具体表现为风险厌恶程度越高的农户越愿意参与契约农业,而参与契约农业可以促进农户采纳技术。研究和验证这些问题对于促进农业技术推广有重要的现实意义。     

基于MOA理论的农民技术采纳行为研究——以水稻化肥减施技术为例

[目的]随着化学肥料在全球范围的大量使用,所引起的农业面源污染问题不仅对整个生态系统造成的破坏难以估量,还直接影响了农民的切身利益。化肥减施增效技术是目前协调农业生产与环境保护的重要途径,但先进技术与生产应用之间存在不同程度上的脱节现象,这就需要将技术进一步物化,开展对技术“载体”的研究。[方法]农业经营主体是肥料施用最直接的载体,农户施肥行为的规范程度直接关系肥料利用的效率及对环境的污染程度,文章以采用化肥减施技术的水稻种植农户为研究对象、从技术增效角度入手、运用MOA理论构建分析框架,借助结构方程模型和mplus7.0软件、对角加权矩阵伴均值-方差校正卡方检验（WLSMV）方法对样本农户技术采纳行为的决策过程进行实证分析。[结果]（1）采纳机会、采纳动机、抗风险能力都对农户采纳技术的行为规范在1%的显著性水平上具有正向影响;（2）技术认知对其行为规范的路径系数为负,假设未通过验证;（3）行为规范对行为效益的路径系数高达0.97,行为效益对采纳意愿的系数为0.9。[结论]影响农民行为的主客观因素中采纳动机是最显著的,行为执行的规范程度是决定其行为效益最直接、最重要的因素,行为效益又是...     

农户IPM技术采纳行为影响因素分析——基于安徽省芜湖市的实证

本文基于安徽省芜湖市以本地就业为主的386户稻农调研数据,采用Logit模型分析了农户IPM技术采纳行为的影响因素。研究表明,农民田间学校能够显著促进农户IPM技术采纳程度;户主非农兼业对化学防治型、生物防治型IPM技术采纳有显著正向影响,但对物理防治型IPM技术采纳影响不显著;耕地规模越大的农户越偏好物理防治型IPM技术,也越厌恶生物防治型IPM技术;农户耕地块数越多化学防治型、生物防治型IPM技术的采纳程度越低;但农民的健康意识、环境保护意识对农户IPM技术采纳影响不显著。     

异质性视角下农户绿色生产技术采纳行为研究——基于四川省836份柑橘农户的调查数据

[目的]文章基于农业技术培训主体异质性的视角,对农户绿色生产技术采纳行为的影响差异性进行理论探讨,并利用四川省836份农户微观调查数据进行检验。[方法]运用Oprobit模型进行实证分析,利用工具变量法（IV-Oprobit）进行内生性处理与稳健性检验。[结果]（1）农技培训在1%的水平上显著正向影响农户绿色生产技术采纳行为,培训每增加1次,其采纳有机肥施用等5种绿色生产技术的概率提升3.1%;(2)不同培训主体对农户绿色生产技术采纳的影响具有差异化,以农民合作社为代表的经营性主体培训对农户技术采纳的促进效果最明显,政府农技部门公益性主体培训整体效果优于农业高校和科研院所等准公益性主体;（3）上述影响在不同年龄、受教育程度、家庭社会网络及种植规模的农户群体中也存在明显异质性。[结论] 3类主体开展培训均对绿色生产技术采纳行为有显著影响,农民合作社等经营性主体培训效果最明显。据此,提出构建多元化农业推广培训体系、鼓励农民合作社等经营性主体开展农技培训、推动高校和科研院所的人才科技优势与农技推广培训体系紧密结合等政策建议。     

关于农民对农业技术服务需求的调查与分析

通过对我国玉米5个主产省14个市、县1220户农户的问卷调查表明，当前农户获取农业技术的主要渠道是农技人员田间指导(农户选择率占72．37％)、新闻媒体(占70．87％)和邻里效应(占56．86％)。不同地区间、技术来源渠道间农户选择率存在极显著差异。农户对农技人员下乡传授技术有强烈需求，90％以上的农户认同农技人员结合生产服务经营生产资料。农业技术人员深入生产第一线进行技术指导，培育科技示范户，以示范户带动广大农民的农技推广新模式和技物结合的推广方式是加速农业技术推广的有效途径。     

不同经营规模农户地力提升关键技术行为及影响因素研究*——基于辽宁省不同玉米主产区的调查

[目的]以辽宁省玉米主产区为研究区域,系统研究不同经营规模农户对地力提升关键技术应用行为差异及主要影响因素,为提高农户地力提升关键技术应用水平和优化支持政策提出科学依据及对策建议。[方法]基于2016年、2017年347个农户的实地调查样本数据,选择农户经营规模、农户家庭与个体特征、农业生产、区域虚拟变量等因素,构建有序Logit模型,分析不同区域、不同经营规模农户地力提升关键技术行为的影响因素。[结果]影响农户地力提升关键技术采纳的主要因素包括农户经营规模、户主年龄、接受培训情况、土地细碎化程度、土壤肥力认知状况等,结果表明:一是农户经营规模对地力提升关键技术采纳影响呈正向关系,而加入区域虚拟变量后影响不显著;二是农户户主年龄、农户接受相关培训次数对地力提升关键技术采纳分别有显著的负向和正向影响,而且在加入区域虚拟变量后影响依然显著;三是土地细碎化程度对地力提升关键技术采纳影响呈正向显著关系,加入区域虚拟变量后影响不显著;四是农户对土壤认知程度对地力提升关键技术采纳影响不显著,但加入区域域虚拟变量后,影响呈负向显著关系。[结论]农户地力提升关键技术行为受到经营规模及其他因素影响,改善农户地力提升技术选择行为应该因地制宜结合区域特征,采取加大政府政策引导如合理的相关技术培训、采取更加合适的补贴形式,增强农户对土壤、化肥的科学认知,鼓励农户进行适度规模经营。     

设施蔬菜绿色生产技术采纳影响因素与经济效益研究——以河北省定兴县为例

[目的]农业资源环境是农业产品质量保障的基础,农业科技创新有力支撑农业产业发展,探究农业绿色生产技术的影响因素与经济效益,对保障农业产业绿色发展,提高农户绿色生产积极性具有重要意义。[方法]文章基于2020年河北省定兴县实地调研所得的219份农户数据,通过二元Logistic模型分析农户采纳绿色生产技术的影响因素,在此基础上运用倾向得分匹配方法研究技术采纳对农户家庭经济效益的作用水平。[结果]（1）虽然定兴县绿色生产技术推广取得一定成效,共有67.58%的农户采纳一种或多种绿色生产技术,但采纳程度有待提高。（2）农户的年龄、受教育程度、大棚类型、是否加入合作社、是否接受技术培训以及政府是否给予指导显著影响农户技术采纳决策。（3）采纳绿色生产技术的农户与未采纳组相比每公顷年均收入增加28.44%;测土配方技术、病虫害绿色防控技术分别带来26.52%和14.90%的增收效应,并分别在1%和5%的水平上显著,节水灌溉技术和废弃物循环利用技术增收效果不显著。[结论]绿色生产技术能显著提高农户收入,因此政府要加强对绿色生产技术的推广,通过技术培训、经济激励、构建技术推广体系等措施提高农户绿色生产...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.