旅游制度环境与国内旅游消费:制度嵌入性视角

旅游卫星账户(Tourism Satellite Accounts,TSA)将旅游业界定为一系列为旅游者提供或多或少依赖旅游业的商品和服务,旅游业的规模由消费者(旅游者)的消费所决定(Frechtling,1999,2010;Smeral,2006)。旅游者可以自主决定其出游行为和消费行为,同时也要受到嵌入其中的制度环境的约束。“制度嵌入性”是指消费者选择行为的制度约束(N ee和Ingram,1998;王宁,2008)。以国内旅游消费为例,意指旅游消费行为嵌入我国的旅游制度中。王宁将“制度嵌入性”视作消费社会学的一个研究纲领,有效解释了“消费自主性”忽略的“消费脆弱性”话题。     

旅游饭店顾客绿色消费行为研究

绿色饭店的建设不仅要靠饭店自身的努力,也需要顾客的积极配合。为了解饭店顾客对绿色饭店品牌和绿色环保行为的认知程度,分析绿色饭店认知与消费意愿之间的关系,考察顾客个人特质与绿色饭店认知程度和绿色环保措施认可程度的关系,本研究对国内饭店业顾客的消费态度和意愿进行了实地调研。研究结果表明:目前我国饭店顾客有一定的绿色消费意识,但并未完全转化为真正的绿色消费行为,且不同的顾客之间存在较大差异。     

游客游后行为倾向前因实证研究——以青岛国内休闲游客为例

消费者行为倾向的前因研究一直都是西方消费行为研究中非常活跃的领域.国外学者对游客游后行为倾向的影响因素也进行了分析和探讨,但目前国内未见对该问题的研究.本文借鉴消费者行为倾向的相关理论和国外游客游后行为倾向的研究成果,以青岛国内休闲游客为实证研究对象,探讨影响游客游后行为倾向的因素.研究结果表明,旅游动机和游客满意对游客的行为倾向具有显著的正向影响,且旅游动机对行为倾向的影响大于游客满意对行为倾向的影响.感知价值虽然对游客的行为倾向有正向影响,但并不显著.     

中国游客博彩消费行为意向及其影响因素 ——基于MGB理论的实证检验

近年来,中国出境游游客参与博彩消费行为的现象日趋普遍,但对于中国游客博彩消费行为的理论研究却极为匮乏.该研究将目标导向行为模型引入中国游客的博彩消费行为研究领域,建立游客博彩消费行为意向影响因素模型,以到澳门旅游时参与博彩活动的中国内地游客为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方法获取270份有效问卷,并采用结构方程方法对游客博彩消费行为意向的理论模型进行了实证检验.研究结论显示,游客的博彩消费态度、博彩消费的正向预期情绪、博彩消费的感知行为控制以及游客过去的博彩行为对其博彩欲望有着显著的正向影响,而博彩欲望会进一步正向影响游客的博彩行为意向.同时,游客的感知行为控制对其博彩行为意向亦有着直接的正向影响.但是,游客的博彩主观规范、负向预期情绪对于博彩欲望的影响并不显著.该文的研究对于检视目标导向行为模型在旅游消费者行为研究领域的适用性,以及丰富和发展博彩消费者行为理论文献都有着重要的价值和意义.     

酒店网络评论内容特征对消费者购买意愿的影响——基于时间距离和社会距离情景的实验研究

网络评论影响消费者决策,其中,评论内容对消费者购买意愿有重要影响.文章基于解释水平理论,将网络评论分为体现工具性利益和体现认同性利益两类评论,以酒店网络评论为例,通过实验研究了这两类评论在不同时间距离和社会距离情景下对消费者购买意愿的影响.结果表明,时间距离上的远期消费者购买意愿受认同性评论的影响更显著,近期消费者购买意愿受工具性评论的影响更显著;与评论发布者社会距离远的消费者购买意愿受认同性评论影响更显著,与评论发布者社会距离近的消费者购买意愿受工具性评论影响更显著.文章为研究在线消费者决策提供了理论基础,为企业制定在线信息管控机制和网络营销策略提供了方法指导.     

目的地国家形象与旅游产品类别的匹配效应 ——基于刻板印象内容模型的实证研究

文章引入刻板印象内容模型,采用实验方法,对目的地国家形象与旅游产品类别的匹配效应进行了研究.在刻板印象内容模型的框架下,将目的地国家形象分为感知温暖型和感知能力型,依据消费动机、价值判断和目标的不同将旅游产品划分为实用型和享乐型,分别选取虚拟国家、两个独立国家和一个国家两种印象为实验情境,采取2×2组间设计进行实验研究.研究发现,目的地国家形象与旅游产品类别的匹配效应存在,具体而言,对于感知能力型国家,旅游者对实用型旅游产品的态度高于对享乐型旅游产品的态度;对于感知温暖型国家,消费者更偏好享乐型旅游产品.文章验证了消费产品领域的国家刻板印象在国际旅游情境下同样发挥作用,结果对基于刻板认知和产品类别进行有针对性的国际间目的地营销具有指导意义.     

价值观与旅游消费行为关系研究进展与启示

价值观是影响旅游者消费心理和行为的重要因素.内隐性价值观与外显性旅游消费行为关系的研究路径可以归纳为"由内而外"(价值观→行为)和"由外而内"(行为→价值观)两种路径,不同研究路径的视角、目的和方法等存在一定差异.现有的价值观与旅游消费行为关系的研究成果,主要集中在旅游者价值观的界定和度量、旅游市场细分、旅游活动偏好、价值观对旅游消费行为影响等方面,并回顾了中国旅游者价值观研究.中国消费者价值观与旅游行为关系研究应具有中国情境化特征,理论建构要嵌入中国社会文化现实和具体消费情境,从主位研究视角发展旅游者价值观概念,将定量和质性研究方法相结合,增强价值观对旅游消费行为影响的解释力,加强对不同群体和区域消费者个人价值观与旅游行为关系的研究.价值观与旅游消费行为关系的中国情境化取向研究,有助于从价值观视角揭示中国旅游者行为的规律,为企业开展价值观驱动的旅游营销活动提供理论指导.     

民宿旅游的乡村性生产与消费研究

文章以广东省网红乡村民宿H民宿为例，采用质性研究方法探析民宿旅游的乡村性生产与消费及互动过程,有以下4点发现。（1）H民宿的经营者以自身对乡村性的认知为基础，通过物质空间建构、文化空间营造和新媒体工具运用等在地生产实践进而表征和展演乡村性。（2）在乡村性消费中，H民宿游客的消费更多集中于农耕知识体验、自然景观环境、农家生活文化和想象“乡村”等不同层面。但由于游客对乡村了解、感受程度的差异，不同游客的乡村感知具有矛盾性与异质性，呈现为全球地方化下消费体验相异的特征。（3）游客通过再消费与传播、拒绝与批判等不同的消费行为将消费意见反馈至生产者，生产者则对应采取调整策略，并通过体验空间的重塑和知识空间的再造进行乡村性的再生产，从而形成了消费与生产的互动过程。（4）在民宿旅游情境下，乡村性在生产与消费互动过程中被建构成“舞台真实”，具有本真化和失真化的双重表征，呈现了真假混杂的特征，并随着不同主体的互动实践，呈现一种流动变化的状态，不断在本真化与失真化的连续谱上流动。     

旅游目的地非功用性定位研究——以目的地品牌个性为分析指标

随着旅游目的地之间竞争的日趋激烈,目的地定位的重要性变得格外突出.然而,当前国内外关于目的地定位的系统研究还很有限,特别是这一研究分支表现出对旅游者非功用性消费需求关注不足、滞后于最新旅游需求发展态势的局限.鉴于此,文章构建并实际阐释了一个以目的地品牌个性为核心定位分析指标的目的地非功用性定位模型.阐释案例为大连作为一个海滨城市目的地在国内消遣旅游市场上相对于其北方4个紧密竞争对手的定位分析.调研工具为自填式问卷,其中的海滨城市目的地品牌个性量表通过实施文献回顾法、经验调查法和预测试加以确定.通过采用探索性因子分析、多变量方差分析、单变量方差分析和t检验等统计分析方法,研究识别出对大连非功用性定位最有用的目的地品牌个性特质为题目“多才多艺的”.文章的主要理论创新为将目的地定位工作纳入了目的地品牌化研究框架之下,而实际管理启示则是有助于大连品牌定位主题的开发和相关目的地品牌化工作的开展.     

消费者敌意、自我效能与旅游意愿——基于对青少年出境旅游市场的实证研究

国家间的争议和冲突通常会引起两国消费者的敌意情绪,并最终诉诸于消费者的抗议、抵制和拒绝购买来自敌意国的产品.旅游作为一种特殊而重要的产品形式,鲜有研究关注消费者敌意对旅游意愿的影响.该研究以216名中国青少年消费者为研究样本,引入自我效能作为中介变量和性别作为调节变量,探讨了消费者敌意对旅游意愿的影响及作用机制.结果表明:消费者敌意对中国青少年赴日旅游意愿具有显著的负向影响;自我效能在消费者敌意和旅游意愿的关系中起着中介作用;消费者敌意对自我效能的作用强度存在性别差异,男性青少年的消费者敌意对自我效能的影响程度更强.该研究对相关营销实践者、企业及政府部门在政策制定及危机公关时具有一定的启示.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.