碳关税贸易壁垒对中国出口的影响和应对策略

以美法为首的发达国家提出的征收碳关税政策作为一种新的贸易保护形式,给以出口为主导的发展中国家带来了极大的影响。从对碳关税起源和本质的分析出发,探讨碳关税对中国出口贸易的影响,提出了应对碳关税征收的对策建议。     

碳关税本质及其合法性分析

自“碳关税”的概念提出到欧美发达国家建立碳关税制度,碳关税持续引起了国际社会的强烈关注与学界的广泛研究。碳关税的提出背景与原因夹杂了各国间的政治博弈,在WTO法律体系下碳关税制度的构建也违反了诸多规定,其合法性值得推敲。     

碳关税对出口贸易影响研究综述

碳关税是近年来国际贸易领域新的热点问题,且该问题的提出使气候问题日趋贸易化、政治化。由于各国基于本国的利益,对碳关税问题的立场有所不同,所以国内外学者对碳关税的研究出发点亦存在着差异。力图通过文献回顾,从碳关税的内涵出发,探讨碳关税在WTO框架下的合法性问题,着重对国内外有关碳关税对出口贸易的影响以及应对策略等研究成果进行了梳理和分析,并在此基础上进一步提出该领域未来的研究方向。     

碳关税贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响及对策

近期西方国家宣称已将碳关税计划提进日程,征收碳关税的可能性加大,作为全球第一贸易大国,中国的出口贸易面临新挑战。基于国际经济环境和中国国情,分析碳关税的征收对中国对外贸易的影响,提出中国积极应对碳关税贸易壁垒的对策建议。     

碳关税对中国外贸影响的两重性分析

“气候”已成为经济真实的变量，碳关税在此背景下步入世人的视野。虽然碳关税还未真正实施，但经济走低碳化道路将是大势所趋。为此，从碳关税对中国外贸影响的两重性，即从碳关税对中国外贸的积极影响和消极影响两个方面进行分析。随后，提出应对碳关税的对策措施，最后得出结论。     

碳关税壁垒对我国工业品出口的影响及对策研究

全球环境的恶化使人们越来越关注碳排放问题,发达国家正在考虑通过对不实施减排的国家征收碳关税。从碳关税提出的背景出发,阐述低碳经济背景下碳关税壁垒的相关特征,运用局部均衡法分析碳关税对我国整体的影响,同时也运用可计算的一般均衡模型测算不同的碳关税对我国工业品出口影响的程度。通过分析发现碳关税的征收将对我国经济和贸易产生重大影响,建议我国企业要顺应低碳经济发展趋势,加快研究和发展低碳经济。     

浅议碳关税及其对中国工业化进程的影响

通过对碳关税的提出背景、政策意图的研究,对碳关税的实质及国际影响进行了分析,并且对碳关税对中国工业化道路的选择,以及对中国工业化进程的影响进行了分析.提出碳关税的实质是对本国产业竞争力以及为巩固和加强国际政治话语权而实施的新型贸易保护手段.碳关税政策将对中国的对外贸易以及整体工业化进程产生深远的影响,迫使中国继续加快实施经济增长方式的转变,创新适应目前复杂国际背景的新型工业化道路.     

碳关税与中国产业结构相关性研究

以全球变暖为代表的气候问题愈加严重,征收碳关税作为一种减少温室气体排放的重大措施被提出,征收碳关税是否会对我国的产业结构调整产生影响?文章采用投入产出模型对我国碳关税税额进行测算,利用产业结构水平测度模型分别计算在30美元/吨与60美元/吨碳关税税率下我国的产业结构水平指数,对碳关税税额与产业结构水平指数进行相关性检验。结果表明:碳关税与我国产业结构水平正相关,即征收碳关税将促进我国产业结构的优化。据此提出技术革新、主动优化三次产业结构、出台低碳政策的建议。     

碳关税对我国出口贸易的影响效应及对策分析

本文从碳关税概念出发,分析了碳关税的双重性质。通过建立简单的一般均衡模型,将碳关税对我国出口贸易的影响分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应。本文认为碳关税征收后会缩减我国出口贸易和经济规模,导致产业结构向清洁方向调整,一定程度上促进技术进步,减少二氧化碳的排放,最后提出了简要的政策建议。     

碳关税：对中国的影响及其应对

“碳关税”是一种新型的国际贸易壁垒，并逐渐成为一些发达国家实施贸易保护的新工具。本文通过对碳关税形成与发展的描述，阐述了碳关税对中国对外贸易、相关产业及其就业的可能影响，并就如何应对碳关税提出建议。     

The impacts of weather variations on energy demand and carbon emissions

This paper examines the impacts of climate fluctuations on carbon emissions using monthly models of US energy demand. The econometric analysis estimates price, income, and weather elasticities of short-run energy demand. Our model simulations suggest that warmer climate conditions in the US since 1982 slightly reduced carbon emissions in the US. Lower energy use associated with reduced heating requirements offsets higher fuel consumption to meet increased air-conditioning needs. The analysis also suggests that climate change policies should allow some variance in carbon emissions due to short-term weather variations.     

关于当前农业气象预警的思考

中国是世界上遭受气象灾害影响最为严重的国家之一。在全球气候变暖的背景下,洪涝、干旱、暴雪、冰冻、高温等极端气象灾害发生的频率呈明显增长趋势。目前,中国大多数城市都建立了灾害性天气预警机制,但由于多种原因,农业气象灾害的预警和应急建设还比较落后。根据当前中国农业气象灾害预警的现状提出了农业气象预警及应急机制的建设措施。     

North–South asymmetry,unilateral environmental policy and carbon tariffs

This paper focuses on the potential impact of a carbon tariff on carbon emissions, North–South trade and welfare. We use a North–South trade model, where North implements a unilateral environmental policy on domestic carbon-intensive industries followed by a carbon tariff on imports from South. Unlike the existing studies, we allow asymmetry in clean production technologies and marginal environmental damage. We show that a carbon tariff can reduce the global carbon emission via the use of a more advanced clean production technology in North, which increases the firm profit and welfare. However, improvement in welfare of North is associated with a decrease in global trade flows and welfare of South. We find that, in the presence of asymmetry in clean production technologies between North and South, a carbon tariff introduced by the North can eliminate carbon leakage, but the exports of South decrease below the pre-unilateral environmental policy level and hence North can potentially use a carbon tariff for trade protectionism in the name of reducing carbon leakage in South.     

低碳经济模式下企业融资机制研究

低碳经济实质上是一种新的经济发展模式,其核心在于通过能源技术和减排技术的创新,有效控制碳排放,防止气候变暖,促进全球生态平衡。现阶段,低碳经济发展亟待解决的就是技术创新,而技术创新最根本的保障就是资金。在低碳经济产业资金链较长、投资规模较大、投资回收期较长的情况下,建立健全有利于低碳经济发展的企业融资机制具有重要的现实意义。文章通过对低碳经济模式下的企业融资机制的现实背景进行分析,根据我国国情,提出几点完善低碳企业融资机制的途径,旨在融资方面支撑低碳技术的创新,从而促进我国低碳产业的发展。     

碳关税对我国国际收支"双顺差"的影响

碳关税的全面实施会通过净出口渠道和长期资本流入渠道影响到我国的国际收支:其中,经常账户收支差额减少有限,不会改变其顺差格局;资本金融账户收支差额会大幅度变化,其顺差地位可能发生扭转。因此,碳关税实施有利于我国当前国际收支双顺差的调节;但为了避免碳关税对资本金融账户的过度冲击,我们在当前应一方面积极引导FDI投资领域的转向,提升外资质量;另一方面积极推动加工贸易的技术升级,推动生产方式的绿色化转型。     

美国碳关税政策对中美贸易的影响

基于环境保护和贸易保护的目的,美国提出了征收碳关税诉求。这将对中国对美国的商品出口产生什么样的影响?本文根据我国各行业的碳排放强度和出口贸易细分数据,分析了美国征收碳关税可能会对我国各行业出口贸易的影响,并提出,中国应该在多边贸易组织的框架下对美国将实行的碳关税政策进行限制约束,及时调整国内产业结构。     

Border carbon adjustments and unilateral incentives to regulate the climate

It is suggested that trade measures should be used to induce exporters to adopt more ambitious climate policy and reduce global emissions. However, a tariff and the exporter's emission tax are likely substitutes, which would undermine the rationale for these trade measures. This paper examines incentives to regulate the climate under border carbon adjustment (BCA), defined as an import duty of a magnitude determined by the difference in emission taxes between trade partners. Unlike a tariff, a BCA can induce the exporter to adopt a higher tax, suggesting that the BCA and tariff are not equally effective at targeting global emission levels and that the features of the border measure matter in assessing the effectiveness of trade policy in targeting global emissions.     

碳关税:发达国家实施的可能性及中国的应对策略

尽管发达国家和发展中国对于开征碳关税的合规性、合理性存在很大争议。但鉴于发达国家在国际经济秩序中的主导地位,掌控着话语权,而发展中国家之间对碳关税缺乏统一协调的立场,因此发达国家未来单方面实施碳关税政策的可能很大。为此,中国应当未雨绸缪,积极应对碳关税。中国需要从战略层面和政策层面采取对策,在战略层面,发展低碳经济是应对碳关税的根本手段;在政策层面,尽快在国内开征碳税可能是一种较好的政策选择。     

Environmental Funds,Public Abatement,and Welfare

This paper addresses some features of environmental funds that the government uses to finance public abatement with pollution tax revenue or tariff revenue. I find that when the pollution tax rate and the tariff rate are jointly chosen optimally, then the optimal pollution tax rate is higher than the Pigouvian tax rate under public abatement financed by tariff revenue, and lower when public abatement is financed by pollution tax revenue. Furthermore, I show that the optimal tariff rate is positive regardless of which tax revenue is used to finance public abatement. These results are relevant for countries where the government seeks revenues earmarked for the financing of environmental funds.     

Green Electricity Markets as Mechanisms of Public-Goods Provision: Theory and Experimental Evidence

Utility-based green electricity programs provide market opportunities for consumers to reduce the carbon footprint of their electricity use. These programs deploy three types of public-goods contribution mechanisms: voluntary contribution, green tariff, and all-or-nothing green tariff (Kotchen and Moore, 2007). We extend the theoretical understanding of the all-or-nothing green tariff mechanism by showing that an assumption of warm-glow preferences is needed to explain widespread participation in programs deploying this mechanism. We conduct the first experimental test to compare the revenue generating capacity of a pure public good (based on the voluntary contribution mechanism) and an impure public good (based on the green tariff mechanism). In experimental play, the voluntary contribution mechanism raises 50% more revenue than the green tariff mechanism. With the all-or-nothing green tariff, experimental play and regression estimates show that a warm-glow preference positively affects participation, as predicted by the theory.