收入分成、竞争与中国的省份内经济差距

中国的地区差距问题已逐渐成为制约经济发展的重要因素，并受到学术界的广泛关注。然而，作为其主要构成部分的省份内经济差距，现有研究却尚未深入。本文立足于省级以下财政分权体制，从地方政府竞争的角度梳理了政府间收入分成作用于省份内经济差距的具体机制，进而运用1995—2014年县级面板数据构建了省份内经济差距和省级以下收入分成指标，并展开实证检验。研究发现：省级以下收入分成比例的提高，扩大了省份内各县有效税率的差异，进而带来了要素在空间上的不均衡分布和省份内经济差距的扩大。同时，这一作用在经济欠发达省份的效果更为明显。这些发现为理解中国财政分权体制下地区经济差距的形成，以及完善当前财政体制以推动国家治理现代化提供了良好启示。     

A multiregional model of China and its application

China's rapid economic transformation since 1979 has been accompanied by a stark regional disparity with the coastal provinces integrating swiftly into the world markets while inland regions lagging far behind in the industrialisation process. The growth imbalance has placed China's provinces into different stages of development and called for different policy responses to deal with different challenges they are facing. Similarly, a national policy initiated by the central government is likely to be interpreted and implemented in different ways when local governments take into consideration the different conditions in their localities. Therefore, it would be extremely valuable for policy makers and researchers to have an analytical tool that is capable of studying interactions among the provincial economies and the dynamic relationship between the centre and local governments. The multiregional econometric model of China presented in this paper is the first attempt to provide such a tool. The pioneering model consists of over 1200 equations, covering 30 provinces of China that are linked by inter-regional flows of goods and services. The model is used to study the impact of fiscal recentralisation in the 1990s. The counterfactual simulation results show that when China's central government diverted tax revenue from provincial governments, it achieved higher budgetary revenue for the central government but at the expense of lower overall budgetary revenue and slower economic growth.     

政府间转移支付的财政均等化效果分析——基于甘肃省的实证研究

利用1994—2005年甘肃省的县级数据,采用统计分析和计量模型分析方法,研究了财政转移支付对甘肃省县级财力差距的影响。实证分析发现;财政转移支付缩小了甘肃省县级财力的相对差距,但是却扩大了县级财力的绝对差距;维持地方政府运转和支持少数民族地区发展是甘肃省财政转移支付分配的主要目标,而缩小地区间财力绝对差距的目标未受到重视。     

地方政府财政支出的结构偏异——基于跨界公共事务的视角

本文通过理论分析发现,我国地方政府不仅存在生产性支出偏好,还会在外部性和信息不对称等因素影响下,改变其对跨界公共事务的资金投入。在“量入为出”预算编制原则下,本文利用2010—2019年我国31个省级政府面板数据,实证分析了地方政府一般公共预算收入对跨地区民生性支出、跨地区生产性支出、地区民生性支出和地区生产性支出四类财政支出的影响。结果表明：在全国层面上,跨地区生产性支出受财政收入的影响最大,地区民生性支出次之。比较三类地区的结果发现,区域内政府竞争强度越高,地方政府对外部性的重视程度越强,因而当地用于跨界公共事务的资金会越少。从不同类型财政收入对财政支出的影响结果来看,只有间接税收入可以同时对三类地区财政支出产生显著影响。最后根据研究结论,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

Sub-national political regimes and asymmetric fiscal decentralization

This paper develops a model to explain how sub-national political regimes affect the variation in retention rates in a country in which a region and a central government bilaterally bargain over the distribution of tax revenue given a particular tax rate (and thus fiscal decentralization is asymmetric). This study examines cases in which both sub-national and national governments have the same political regime (democracies and non-democracies) and situations in which the central and regional political regimes differ. This article shows that in the latter case, regions receive a smaller share of tax revenue for a broad set of parameters of the model (as opposed to the case of a pure non-democracy); in the case of identical political regimes, the comparative fiscal decentralization is determined by the productivity-enhancing effect of regional public goods.     

三大经济支撑带创新能力地区差距及分布动态演进

基于我国内地2001—2013年30个省市（除西藏外）R&D人员全时当量、R&D经费、专利授权量、技术市场成交额、新产品销售收入5个指标数据,采用主成分分析法,计算得出各省市创新能力综合评价指数,以及全国和“一带一路”沿线省（市、自治区）、京津冀地区、长江经济带三大经济支撑带的创新能力水平。在此基础上,利用Dagum基尼系数和Kernel密度估计方法,对三大经济支撑带创新能力的地区差距及分布动态进行实证研究。结果发现：①三大经济支撑带创新能力呈不断上升趋势,“一带一路”沿线省（市、自治区）经济带的创新能力低于全国平均水平,而京津冀地区经济带和长江经济带的创新能力高于全国平均水平;②三大经济支撑带创新能力的总体差距不断扩大,2005年之后,地区差距成为造成总体差距不断扩大的主要原因;③Kernel密度估计显示,随时间推移,全国和三大经济支撑带的创新能力虽然得以提升,但地区差距仍呈现持续扩大趋势。     

新型农村社会养老保险财政支持能力测度及引申

新型农村社会养老保险离开政府财政的支持,便成为无源之水、无本之木.充裕的财政收入是有效规避新农保制度震荡和实现其长期稳定发展的关键.基于ARIMA模型动态预测2012-2020年我国财政收入走势,结果表明,未来十年中国财政收入仍保持增长态势,但增长速度放缓.整体上看,新农保的财政补贴压力适中,基本维持在中国财政收入的0.8％左右,政府财政具备支持新农保可持续发展的能力.应调整新农保养老金补贴与财政收入增长比重、降低行政费用、压缩基建支出,从而改善各级政府财政支付能力不均的现实.     

财政支持"三农"政策效应的CGE模拟分析

文章在对CGE模型基本原理进行简要说明的基础上,介绍了一个“八部门财政CGE模型”,并利用该模型对2006年中央财政支持三农政策的效应进行模拟分析。结果表明:(1)中央财政支持“三农”政策在提高农民收入、减缓城乡收入差距扩大方面有着较为明显的效果;(2)农民收入提高间接拉动了消费的增长,对调整投资与消费比例能起到较好的推动作用,并促进整个国民经济的平稳增长;(3)支持“三农”的财政政策并不能从根本上改变城乡居民收入差距扩大的基本格局,最终的出路还是应该在于:加快农村产业结构升级,转移农村剩余劳动力,提高农村劳动生产率。     

我国省际间财政差异趋势与影响因素的实证研究

本文通过1980-2005年间的样本数据,揭示1980年以来我国省际间财政差异的变化趋势,以及这种变化趋势的影响因素.我们的研究表明,在财政收入方面,受地区经济差异加大的影响,1994年以后财政收入差异有扩大态势,而分税制改革有助于缩小省际间财政收入差异.在财政支出方面,1995年以后财政支出差异呈上升趋势,这是地区间经济发展水平差异与分税制共同作用的结果,但是前者的作用远远大于后者.因此,缩小省际间财政差异的途径除转移支付外,还应当主要致力于缩小省际间经济发展水平差异.     

Regional Economic Disparity,Financial Disparity,and National Economic Growth: Evidence from China

The dynamic relations among national economic growth, economic disparity, and financial disparity in China are examined. Specifically, the focus is on whether economic disparity or financial disparity affects national economic growth. As measures of economic and financial disparity across regions and provinces, the Williamson coefficient of disparity is employed using both regional data (eastern, central, and western) and provincial data (from 31 provinces). Overall, it is found that both provincial financial disparity and, to a lesser degree, economic disparity have a negative effect on national economic growth. In addition, financial disparity appears to be exogenous, suggesting that financial disparity is not influenced by either economic disparity or national economic growth.     

调整我国收入分配关系的财政制度保障

现行财政制度的收入再分配职能效果不佳,原因在于两点,一是收入分配秩序的不规范,使累进性税收难以发挥缩小收入差距的作用;二是收入再分配过程中存在"逆向调节"问题,即低收入者所获转移性收入比高收入者所获转移性收入少,从而收入再分配扩大了收入差距。这两种情况的产生都与财政制度的某些缺陷有关,需要通过制度改革堵住漏洞,理顺机制,具体包括:建立规范透明的财政等方面的管理体制;建立城乡、地区一体化的社会保障体系;加大对欠发达地区和农村地区公共产品供给的投入力度。     

基于灰色残差模型的中国税收收入预测

税收是国家财政收入的重要来源,准确的税收预测结果对于制定各项经济政策具有非常重要的意义。为提高中国税收收入的预测精度,适应资源配置、收入再分配和宏观经济调控的需求,在传统灰色预测技术的基础上,建立了残差灰色预测模型,并通过实例分析验证了该模型的实用性和精确性。     

失衡的增长结构与财政制度安排

本文基于中国式治理模式,从财政视角利用实证数据分析了中国失衡增长的内生机制。本文认为,中国失衡的增长结构与财政收支制度安排有关。在中国式治理模式下,1994年税改中确立的财政收入制度不仅挤压了居民消费能力,而且通过引致财政支出结构扭曲恶化了居民消费倾向。实现经济平衡增长,中国需要在现行体制框架内重构财政收支体系,通过建立以人为本的财政支出体系构筑居民有钱消费、敢于消费的制度环境,通过建立以人为主的财政收入制度构筑政府有效行政的激励结构和经济社会的内生平衡机制。     

财政扩张与供需失衡:孰为因? 孰为果?

一般认为,在经济出现内需不足和供给过剩的失衡状态时,政府倾向于通过财政扩张来克服经济不景气,即经济失衡是因,财政扩张是果。而本文的研究发现,中国财政扩张也是经济失衡的重要原因,即财政扩张与经济失衡存在循环累积因果关系。原因在于:以带有累退性质的商品税为主的税制结构强化了居民消费约束,也促使国民收入分配向政府和企业倾斜;供需失衡容易导致政府扩大财政支出和实行增税政策,这将进一步强化供需失衡局面;尽管面临宏观经济失衡,但是政府调控经济的手段存在很强的工具性约束,短期看财政政策有助于带动经济增长,但是从长期看,消除危机的政策可能成为下一次危机的诱因。     

我国财政收支划分的立法研究

财政收支划分是财政管理体制的重要组成部分.在市场经济体制下,财政收支划分立法有利于政府职能的履行和公共财政的运行,是完善分税制财政管理体制的丛然要求.完整的财政收支划分法律制度应当由财政级次划分、财政收支分类、财政支出划分和财政收入划分等制度构成.     

Finance commission of India’s assessments: a political economy contention between expectations and outcomes

We explore the normative fiscal assessments of the Finance Commission (FC) of India, and realisation of fiscal policy with regard to Central Finances over the period 1990–2012. We employ the Theil’s inequality coefficient to investigate the magnitude of assessment errors and its partitioning in to bias, slope and random components. Furthermore, this article also evaluates the efficiency, biasedness and persistence of forecast errors. The robustness of the efficiency results are confirmed with the application of maximum entropy bootstrap. The objective of this study is to examine the structural basis on which FCs make their awards rather than examining the predictability of the forecasts. The story of FC’s assessments reflects an interesting political economy theatre of contention between aspirations and outcomes. Our key findings are as follows: First, source of errors for assessments of tax revenue, nontax revenue, interest payments, defence revenue expenditure, plan revenue expenditure and fiscal deficit is principally due to random component. However, the errors in the remaining economic parameters originate due to systematic components i.e. mean and slope errors. Second, the expenditure side predictability is lower than the revenue side predictability.     

中国财政分权的数量化度量及其地区间差距——基于1979—2008年省级面板数据

厘清1978年后中国的财政分权到底"分"到了什么程度,这就涉及一个财政分权程度衡量的问题。本文通过特定的指标设计,采用1979—2008年的省级面板数据对中国各省级地区以及四大区域(东部地区、东北地区、中部地区和西部地区)的财政分权程度进行了数量化度量,得到了各省级单位的平均财政分权度以及各地区间的财政分权度差距,这可以加深对中国财政分权的理解。     

湖南省区域经济不平衡发展趋势研究

从理论上分析了湖南省区域经济差异的发散和收敛特征。文章以湖南省14个市(州)为研究的区划单元,从产出、产业结构、财政收入、居民收入等方面定量研究了1990年代以来湖南省区域差异的变化趋势。结果表明1990年代湖南省区域差异并不是绝对的扩大,居民收入、地方财政收入的差异变化为“缩小-扩大”的波动。居民收入的差异远远小于人均GDP的差异。湖南省区域差异远远小于广东、福建、江苏、山东等沿海发达省份。     

Fiscal visibility in the european union member countries: New estimates

Improvements in the efficient allocation of resources can be reached by increasing public revenue and expenditure visibility. This paper presents some indicators permitting the making of time and space fiscal visibility measurements and comparisons and advances new systematic estimates on fiscal visibility for systems and subsystems of public revenue now in force in the European Union member countries. Policy implications seem straightforward for these countries as present revenue visibility values are low in general. Allocation improvements could be obtained by implementing changes and reforms aiming to raise values of public revenue visibility and to make domestic fiscal systems and subsystems converge to the highest values.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 43rd International Atlantic Economic Conference, London, March 11–18, 1997. I am indebted to the late Giovanni Caravale. Jose Ferraz-Nunes, Bernard Malamud, and other participants of this conference for helpful comments. The responsibility for any errors and shortcomings is mine.     

财政政策对产业结构动态冲击效应的实证分析

本文运用向量自回归（VAR）模型,通过残差分析、脉冲响应分析和方差分解分析,研究我国财政政策对传统产业、新兴产业和落后产业的动态冲击影响。主要结论是：财政政策包括收入和支出政策对新兴产业的影响比较显著,且是中长期有效的;财政政策中的支出政策对传统产业和落后产业的影响都比较显著,也是中长期有效的,而财政收入政策对其影响较弱。