由收入费用观向资产负债观的演进

在我国新《企业会计准则》中,会计理念更关注企业资源长期价值的最人化,注重企业资产的实质性质量和营运效率。收入费用观与资产负债观可以同时存在于会计理论体系中,只是在不同的发展阶段,理论体系采用收益计量观的侧重点会有所不同。体系理念的侧重点由传统的收入费用观逐渐转向了资产负债观,更加注重资产负债表的客观性,体现了与国际会计准则的趋同。     

浅议所得税会计理论及方法的创新

我国新的企业所得税会计准则从会计理论到会计方法都有了很大变化.会计理念由收入费用观转变为资产负债观;引进了暂时性差异的概念,摒弃了时间性差异;摒弃了应付税款法和递延法而采用资产负债表债务法.这些变化真正体现了会计的真实、公允原则.     

资产负债表观上的递延所得税确认和计量

“资产负债表观”是以资产负债表为报表中心．由期末净资产和期初净资产相比较求得当期全面收益．并据此编制业绩报告。现行的所得税会计处理方法有应付税款法、纳税影响会计法．纳税影响会计法又分为递延法和债务法．这些所得税的会计处理方法是建立在“利润表观”的基础之上．以利润表中的利润为起点．来调整由于会计与税法因遵循原则不同而形成的永久性差异和时间性差异．从而得出企业当期的应纳税所得额．新颁布的所得税会计准则．     

一种资产负债表债务法下所得税会计处理的新方法

<正>2006年财政部颁布了新的《企业会计准则》,其中规定对所得税的会计处理应采用资产负债表债务法。新《准则》更好地适应了我国所得税会计理论和实务的发展要求,实现了与国际惯例的接轨,客观公允地反映了企业资产负债状况。资产负债表债务法的理论基础是业主权益理论和资产负债观。业主权益理论和资产负债观是根据产生暂时性差异的原因以及对资     

企业现金流:会计和财务的融合点

<正>2007年开始执行的新会计准则体系的首要目标是以投资者为主体,强调会计信息的相关性、有用性,为投资者的财务决策服务,准则建设中融入了许多财务理念,会计正从利润观转向资产负债表观。新会计准则在构建和实施过程中,也对财务管理的目标、环境、财务风险和企业的财务组织产生了深刻的影响。     

长期资产减值问题探讨

《企业会计制度》（2001）要求企业在会计期末计提8项资产减值准备。其中，固定资产、在建工程、无形资产和长期投资四项长期资产的减值问题尤为引人关注。长期资产大多属于企业的劳动资料。在利润表重心观下，由于企业持有长期资产的目的为自用而非销售变现，因而无须考虑其市价的变化，会计期末一般以历史成本计价；在资产负债表重心观下，资产代表企业未来经济利益的流入，对于包括长期资产在内的全部资产都要考虑其减值问题。因此，长期资产减值准备的计提，表明我国财务会计的重心已由利润表全面转向资产负债表。事实上，长期资产减值…     

浅析资产负债表观和收入费用观

基于不同的观点，会计准则在有关会计要素确认、计量、记录以及报告方面都有很大的差别，本文就资产负债表观和收入费用观进行简单比较，并论述我国采取资产负债表观的现实意义。     

基于资产负债观所得税会计处理研究

《企业会计准则第18号--所得税》采用的资产负债表债务法替代了原来的所得税会计处理方法，与当前的国际会计的准则充分相协调，体现了资产负债观在我国会计准则中的正确应用，这是我国所得税会计的一大重要改革，当然，与此同时，这项举措的实施也对会计从业人员的工作造成了一定的影响，因为这需要更高的专业性。这篇文章仔细的分析了资产负债表观的新时代下的含义和实践的意义，切实的研究了资产负债表所得税的会计处理办法，分析了其现实意义。     

基于资产负债观分析财务报表勾稽关系

会计信息中最终是要得到财务报表,这是最直观的能展现出企业运营状况的报表。目前的报表主要包括四个报表及附注,从多种角度全面反映企业的财务情况,用所有者权益来替代利润分配表,用企业的全面收益来代替企业的会计收益,这样就全面提高了企业的资产负债表的地位,使得资产负债表居于其他表格的首位。本文首先对资产负债观进行了阐述,然后研究了资产负债表与利润表、现金流量表以及所有者权益表之间的勾稽关系。     

论我国所得税会计处理方法的选择——基于所得税会计准则的国际比较研究

会计制度与税收制度之间差异的协调在相当长一段时间内都将是会计理论界与实务界的热点问题。当前,国际会计准则的制定,更多受到了英美等发达市场经济国家的影响,会计信息更强调反映企业的长期盈利能力,而非限于企业短期盈利状况;相应地,其会计报告的概念基础不再采用“收入费用观”,而是转向了“资产负债观”,在所得税会计处理方法上,也强调采用资产负债表债务法。我国新发布的所得税会计准则的一个突出变化是,强调采用资产负债表债务法,是我国所得税会计准则国际趋同的一个重要体现。     

ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING AND CASH ACCOUNTING: RELATIVE MERITS OF DERIVED ACCOUNTING INDICATOR NUMBERS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative merits of performance indicators derived from either an income statement and a balance sheet both based on accrual accounting, or cash flow accounting. The balance sheet number showed lower variability and a higher persistency than the cash flow accounting and the income statement numbers. This phenomenon was attributed to an income smoothing distortion and a selective market response hypothesis. One implication for the standard setting bodies may be to favour an asset/liability view of earnings rather than either a revenue/expense or cash flow view.     

IPO注册制下发行人与中介机构虚假陈述民事责任研究

以信息披露为核心的股票发行注册制改革背景下,发行人与中介机构虚假陈述民事责任面临新挑战。统计发现,上市公司信息披露违规行为大多与控股股东、实际控制人的故意欺诈有关,建议在制度设计与监管执法方面强化对“首恶”的追责,并探索中介机构过错大小与责任承担相匹配的法律路径。中介机构之间的虚假陈述民事责任划分,应综合多维度指标,按照过错程度与导致损失的原因力大小确定责任份额,并厘清第三方主体间接导致虚假陈述的民事责任。在此基础上,从中介机构、行政监管与司法审判三方面提出对注册制下虚假陈述民事责任的风险防范与政策调整建议。     

The Strategic Implications of Asset and Liability Allocation in the Turkish Banking Industry

This study aims to analyze whether banks' deviation from the mainstream in terms of asset and liability allocation enables them to perform better than their competition. Overall, deviation in the liability structure seems to have a significant impact on performance. In a second regression, the results obtained from the analysis of liability allocation are further examined by focusing on the effects of the deposit base on bank performance. Our analysis brings out the significance of liability allocation and of the effect of deposit strategies as a primary source of funding. The major difference of this study from the existing literature is that we focus primarily on both asset and liability allocation strategies of banks, and we further analyze the components of the liability structure to evaluate the impact of liability deviation on the banking strategy.     

The rise of defensive engineering: how personal liability considerations impact decision-making

Abstract

Based on a survey of Australian engineers (n = 275) this paper examines the impact of personal liability considerations on engineering decision-making. Almost all respondents who make high-stakes decisions saw questions of liability as having both positive (90%) and negative (87%) impacts. Our analysis shows that awareness of personal liability acts to focus the attention of many engineers on the moral dimension of their work. However, it also encourages more expensive decision-making, inhibition of innovation and professional paralysis. We argue that while personal legal liability is a legitimate way to focus engineers’ attention on the potential impact of their work, a problem arises when decision-makers are held responsible for disasters over which they had little control. The focus then shifts to ‘defensive engineering’ practices that are aimed at limiting individual liability rather than disaster prevention. Legal processes that are seen to unfairly allocate blame do not encourage practices that support future disaster prevention.     

Intersections of law and accountancy: Unlimited auditor liability in the United Kingdom

In recent years, considerable pressure has grown within the British auditing industry for limitation of liability arising from negligent mis-statements in audit reports. Under British company law, auditors are forbidden from contracting with companies for their liability to be restricted. This legal provision was introduced in the Companies Act 1929 as a byproduct of legislation relating to directors' liability. The paper explores the background to this legal provision, observing that auditor liability cannot be viewed as a self-contained matter of interest only to a limited community. Attitudes to auditor liability have been shaped against a background of changes in the law of negligence, some, but by no means all, arising from cases involving auditors. Moreover, changing concepts of the position of the auditor within corporate governance structures have at different times encouraged and discouraged the assimilation of the legal treatments of auditors and directors. These concepts themselves reflect differing notions of what actually constitutes the “company”: a collectivity of shareholders or a separate entity controlled by directors. These notions emerged against a background of corporate failure and the need to allocate losses among various parties with different degrees of culpability for failure. However, legal developments do not account by themselves for changing attitudes within the auditing industry towards unlimited liability; acceptance of full responsibility for one's statements, adopted as a badge of professional status, has more recently been seen as inhibiting the commercial development of British auditing.     

Heterogeneous Premiums for Homogeneous Risks? Asset Liability Management under Default Probability and Price-Demand Functions

We consider an asset liability model under an internal solvency constraint that includes default probability as well as price-demand functions and combine insights from empirical and theoretical research. Furthermore, as a result of policyholders’ heterogeneous willingness to pay, we introduce heterogeneous premiums to maximize the insurer’s overall net present value and compare the results with an optimal homogeneous premium. To determine a reservation price for the insurer, we use the Margrabe-Fischer option-pricing formula. Our numerical examples document that heterogeneous premiums for homogeneous risks improve the net present value when correct expectations underlie and are vulnerable against a cost shift but do not per se induce a decrease in the net present value. Moreover, we recognize that the optimal price setting under overall net present value maximization varies from the underwriting net present value maximization on the individual risk level. Hence, in practice, an overall asset liability management perspective should be in focus to reach the best results from the company’s point of view.     

Optimism and auditor liability

There is strong evidence that individuals are optimistic in the sense that they underrate the probability of a negative event occurring. This paper provides a positive theoretical analysis of how auditor optimism affects their incentives to take care under two liability rules: strict liability and a negligence rule. Under strict liability, auditors are held liable when they cause damages to investors. Under a negligence rule, auditors are held liable when they cause damages and in addition, act negligently, that is, fail to meet the standard of due care specified in legal and professional rules. I find the following results. (1) If due care is sufficiently close to the efficient level, a negligence rule distorts auditors’ incentives less than strict liability. Under strict liability, optimism makes the auditor overestimate the chances of finding material mistakes and thus induces suboptimal care. (2) If due care is too strict, the auditor will not exert due care but the same level of suboptimal care under either liability rule. (3) With increasing optimism and in the absence of punitive damages, strict liability becomes less preferable to a precise negligence rule. This statement also holds for vaguely defined standards of due care if due care is sufficiently strict or if auditor optimism is sufficiently high. (4) Punitive damages counteract suboptimal incentives generated by auditor optimism, especially under strict liability.     

Sources of Bank Interest Rate Risk

We investigate bank stocks'sensitivity to changes in interest rates and the factors affecting this sensitivity. We focus on whether the exposure of commercial banks to interest rate risk is conditioned on certain balance sheet and income statement ratios. We find a significantly negative relation between bank stock returns and changes in interest rates over the period 1991–1996. We also find that bank characteristics measured from basic financial statement information explain bank stocks'sensitivity to interest rate changes. These results suggest that bank managers, analysts, and regulators can use this information to assess the relative risk exposure of banks.     

Capping auditor liability: The German experience

There are serious concerns in some Western countries that methods should be found to resolve what is commonly referred to as the auditing profession's liability crisis. A number of legislative-based proposals to limit auditors' liability have been suggested. However, anxiety has been voiced relating to the inherent uncertainties attached to such apparently untested reforms. In this respect it is interesting to note that for more than sixty years the German auditing profession has operated within a regulatory environment in which liability is restricted by a legislatively sanctioned universal cap. We document the German experience and consider whether their form of liability restricting mechanism can provide a contribution to the debate concerning the efficacy of proposals to reform auditor liability elsewhere. We draw attention to the fact that at this time when the auditing professions in other countries are campaigning for reductions in liability exposure, it is interesting to observe that the German auditing profession has recently campaigned for increases in exposure. We use this and related events to suggest that the German experience illustrates that it is unlikely that the liability crisis can be resolved by simply changing the legal basis upon which financial penalties for auditors are assessed. We argue that a necessary precursor to a redesign of penalty mechanisms is a need to obtain measured consensus concerning identification of the constituency of claimants that should have rights to pursue auditors in the courts. Such an identification process needs to be firmly based within a model of corporate governance which reflects what can reasonably be expected from and provided by the auditing profession. In this respect we support the application of the intermediate form of corporate governance which until relatively recently characterized the German system. Within this system auditors were ascribed a less influential role than was envisaged in Anglo-American traditions. This arose since they acted principally as information agents to an influential supervisory board rather than as shareholders' representatives.     

The Impact of Recognition Versus Disclosure on Financial Information: A Preparer's Perspective

We investigate whether recognition on the face of the financial statements versus disclosure in the footnotes influences the amount that financial managers report for a contingent liability. Using an experiment with corporate controllers and chief financial officers, we find that financial managers in public companies expend more cognitive effort and exhibit less strategic bias under recognition than disclosure. This difference appears to be associated with capital market pressures experienced by public company managers as we find that both the cognitive effort and bias exhibited by private company managers are unaffected by placement. As a result, public company managers make higher liability estimates for recognized versus disclosed liabilities. Their liability estimates are similar to those of private company managers for recognition but lower than private company managers’ estimates for disclosure. Our results have implications for auditors and financial statement users in evaluating recognized versus disclosed information for public and private companies.