服务贸易壁垒对制造业GVC升级的影响研究：基于跨国面板数据的实证分析

文章基于服务贸易壁垒与制造业服务化的矛盾分析了遭受服务贸易壁垒对制造业global value chains(GVC)升级的影响,并利用2000—2014年的跨国面板数据进行实证检验,得出如下结论:第一,遭受服务贸易壁垒会阻碍制造业GVC升级,降低制造业参与GVC分工的程度,缩短制造业在全球价值链中的生产长度,且遭受服务贸易壁垒会阻碍制造业在GVC中地位的提升,增加制造业出口产品中国内增加值的使用,减少国外增加值的使用;第二,遭受服务贸易壁垒对发展中国家影响大于发达国家,对中高技术行业的影响大于中低计划行业.分要素密集度行业来看,遭受服务贸易壁垒对前向参与GVC生产活动的影响程度大小顺序为:技术密集型行业>资本密集型行业>劳动密集型行业,对后向参与GVC生产活动的影响程度大小顺序为:资本密集型行业>技术密集型行业>劳动密集型行业.     

传统制造产业融合创新与新兴制造转型升级研究

如何实现发展中国家传统制造企业可持续发展是理论界和实践界亟待解决的问题。随着互联网、大数据和人工智能等新兴技术发展,智能化、网络化促使价值创造过程逐步发生改变。产业链分工重组、产业跨界融合创新将突破传统行业界限,产生新的活动领域和合作形式,推动产业转型升级。为此提出工业设计、互联网与传统制造业“三业”融合创新的概念,进一步从创新理论演化角度出发,阐述“三业”融合创新的内在机理及发展路径。利用三者互动演化规律,构筑协同新兴制造平台,促进设计、互联网和传统制造业“三业”深度融合,推动制造转型升级,找到传统制造业向新兴制造转型升级的突破口,进而为发展中国家后发企业实现赶超及高端突破提供指导。     

中国制造业贸易的要素含量:中间产品贸易对测算的影响

本文从理论上指出,传统计算贸易要素含量的方法不适用于加工贸易比重较大的发展中国家,并提出了区分中间产品贸易和最终产品贸易的改进计算方法。通过传统方法计算中国制造业1997年、2002年和2007年贸易的要素含量,发现中国的要素贸易情况符合比较优势理论,并且贸易开放后中国制造业技术水平不断提高,熟练工人密集度显著提高。用区分中间产品贸易和最终产品贸易的方法计算2002年中国制造业贸易的要素含量,发现加工贸易企业与非加工贸易企业生产技术差异很大,忽略中间产品贸易的传统计算方法会造成中国制造业要素净出口的严重高估。     

低人力资本回报能否驱动产业结构演化升级——兼论国际金融危机对中国制造业自主创新的影响

国际金融危机对发展中转型国家的产业影响主要表现在传统劳动密集型加工制造业面临新的生存危机.这一方面是由于国际金融危机引发的国际贸易保护主义导致外贸出口额大幅缩减,但更为主要的是发展中转型国家传统劳动密集型加工制造业自身所处的国际低端产业价值链所致.实现制造业产业结构演化升级必须依赖自主创新.本文通过实证检验发现人力资本回报过低是目前制约处于转型期的中国产业结构演化升级的主要瓶颈.为此,必须利用国际金融危机淘汰竞争时手的效应,尽快提高国民的人力资本报酬,实现自主创新,推动产业结构演化升级,增强国家先进制造业的产业竞争力.     

Investment climate,outward orientation and manufacturing firm productivity: new empirical evidence

Drawing on the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, we revisit the link between firm-level investment climate and productive performance for a panel of enterprises surveyed twice in time in 70 developing countries and 11 manufacturing industries. We take advantage of the time dimension available for an increasing number of countries to tackle the endogeneity issue stressed in previous studies. We also use pertinent econometric techniques to address other biases inherent in the data (e.g.measurement errors, missing observations and multicollinearity). Our results reinforce previous findings by validating, with a larger than usual sample of countries and industries, the importance of a larger set of environment variables. We show that infrastructure quality, information & communication technologies, skills and experience of the labour force, cost of and access to financing, security and political stability, competition and government relation contribute to firms’ and countries’ performances gap. The empirical analysis also illustrates that firms which choose an outward orientation have higher productivity level. Nevertheless, outward oriented enterprises are more sensitive to investment climate limitations. These findings have important policy implications by showing which dimensions of the business environment, in which industry, could help manufacturing firms to be more competitive in the present context of increasing globalization.     

五问战略性新兴产业发展战略——从概念提出与思想来源说起

战略性新兴产业发展战略已经被纳入“十二五”规划而在我国得到广泛的推行。本文在回顾战略性新兴产业概念提出的基础上,结合国外战略性新兴产业扶持理论的思想源,围绕战略性新兴产业是否仅代表新兴制造业;战略性新兴产业是否是一成不变的;在确定战略性新兴产业后,是关注产业本身还是更应关注新兴环节;应该如何扶持战略性新兴产业;各地的战略性新兴产业发展是否只是一个地方的事等五个问题展开分析,提出了优化我国战略性新兴产业发展战略的相关建议。     

发展经济学结构转型分析方法的演进与评价

结构主义发展经济学家在探讨发展中国家的结构转型问题时,所使用的结构分析方法,被认为是持这一思路的发展经济学家对发展经济学做出的最重要的贡献之一。在结构分析方法的演进过程中,传统的统计方法和投入—产出法,由于存在无法刻画产业间关联或因假设产业间关联呈刚性等缺陷,而逐渐被可计算一般均衡模型所取代。鉴于可计算一般均衡模型拥有更加适合于分析那些实行市场导向改革的发展中国家等优势,因而该模型具有更为广泛的应用前景。     

The Choice of Technology and Rural-Urban Migration in Economic Development

This paper studies a general equilibrium model of rural-urban migration in which manufacturing firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose increasing returns technologies to maximize profits. Urban residents incur commuting costs to work in the Central Business District. Surprisingly a change in the size of the population or an increase in the exogenously given wage rate will not affect a manufacturing firm’s choice of technology. This helps to explain why firms in developing countries may not adopt labor intensive technologies even under abundant labor supply. An increase in the number of manufacturing firms increases both the employment rate and the level of employment in the manufacturing sector. However, manufacturing firms choose less advanced technologies. Capital accumulation leads manufacturing firms to choose more advanced technologies, but may not increase employment in the manufacturing sector.     

Changes in Global Trade Patterns and Women's Employment in Manufacturing, 1995–2011

This study investigates the feminization and defeminization trends in manufacturing employment in thirty countries from 1995 to 2011. Utilizing two separate methods, structural decomposition analysis (SDA) and factor content analysis (FCA), the study identifies the major industries and trade partners behind the structural shifts in trade that have induced changes in employment and thus in the rates of women’s employment. The findings highlight that, as a general trend, defeminization in manufacturing has persisted in the Global North, led by a negative trade impact in low-technology industries. In the Global South, feminization and defeminization trends are not as straightforward. Despite positive changes in women’s share of employment in medium-high- and high-technology industries, negative gender bias effects of trade changes are found particularly in high-technology industries, where occupations are notably gendered.     

发达国家服务业就业结构变迁对我国的启示

发达国家服务业就业结构的演变过程表明：服务业就业比重的提高主要是由以商务服务业为主的生产者服务业和以教育、医疗卫生业为主的社会服务业就业增长推动的。生产者服务业和社会服务业是今兽譬国就业增长的主要领域．但服务业难以承担大规模转移农村剩余劳动力的任务。发展劳动密集型制造业仍是今后转移我国农业剩余劳动力的主要渠道。     

Credit constraints,inequality and the growth gains from trade

This paper tests the hypothesis that, in the presence of credit constraints, higher wealth inequality affects negatively the growth gains from trade liberalisation. Variations in the growth rate of value added–decomposed in the growth rate of the number of establishments and the growth rate in average size–of manufacturing industries in 34 developing countries before and after trade liberalisation are used to study the effects of inequality on the difference in growth under liberalised and nonliberalised regimes. The results show that the number of firms in industries with high dependence on external finance in countries with higher inequality grow significantly slower, in both statistical and economic terms, than in industries with low dependence on external finance in countries with lower inequality following a trade liberalisation relative to the closed-economy period.     

天津生产性服务业与制造业的产业关联分析

以天津1997、2002年投入产出表为基础,运用投入产出法,对天津生产性服务业与制造业产业关联进行分析.结果表明:生产性服务业和制造业比重均有所下降,第三产业已经成为生产性服务业的主要服务对象;制造业对生产性服务业的中间需求集中在批发零售、道路运输等行业,通信设备制造业、电子元器件制造业、其他电气机械及器材制造业等主要制造业的行业特点直接影响着对生产性服务业的中间需求状况;生产性服务业对技术密集型制造业的中间投入趋于上升,对资源密集型制造业的中间投入趋于下降,道路运输业、金融业和商务服务业等行业中间投入特征明显,所提供的服务涉及制造业的关键环节.     

Firm growth and liquidity constraints: evidence from the manufacturing and service sectors in Italy

We use a large firm-level panel data set to analyse the relevance of liquidity constraints on firm growth in Italy. In most European countries, mainstream financial institutions are scantly able to provide affordable credit facilities to small firms. Thus, these firms are forced to finance their growth almost exclusively through retained earnings. We estimate a dynamic version of Gibrat-law, incorporating cash flow as a measure of financial constraints, for two different size classes within small and medium size enterprises and for several industries in manufacturing and service sectors. The findings show that, in general, small manufacturing firms have higher growth-cash flow sensitivities with respect to medium firms. Conversely, our results highlight, for the services, a significant heterogeneity in the impact of liquidity constraints on firm growth. In particular, the sensitivity of growth rates to the cash flow appears relatively high for small firms belonging to Knowledge Intensive Business Services. Validation of Gibrat-law in the services suggests that an important group of industries, with a superior capacity of encouraging firm’s competitiveness, need more financial resources to promote their growth and that of the manufacturing sectors with whom they are connected.     

技术创新、产业融合与制造业转型升级

在发达国家高端制造回流与中低收入国家争夺低端制造转移的“双向挤压”下,制造业转型升级已成为中国亟待解决的重大理论和实践问题。在产业融合度测算的基础上,运用多元线性回归模型探索技术创新对中国制造业转型升级的直接驱动作用,运用中介效应模型探索技术创新驱动中国制造业转型升级的基本路径。结果表明,技术创新对制造业转型升级具有显著直接驱动作用;产业融合是技术创新驱动制造业转型升级的基本路径。中国制造业与信息业融合度低且存在波动下降趋势,制约了制造业转型升级。因此,促进制造业转型升级,既要激励技术创新,又要促进产业融合,更要强化技术创新与产业融合的相互作用。     

Engines of growth. Innovation and productivity in industry groups

The diversity of technological activities that contribute to growth in labour productivity is examined in this article for manufacturing and services industries in eight major EU countries. We test the relevance of two “engines of growth”, i.e., the strategies of technological competitiveness (based on innovation in products and markets) and cost competitiveness (relying on innovation in processes and machinery) and their impact on economic performance. We propose models for the determinants of changes in labour productivity and we carry out empirical tests for both the whole economy and for the four Revised Pavitt classes that group manufacturing and services industries with distinct patterns of innovation. Tests are carried out by pooling industries, countries and three time periods, using innovation survey data from CIS 2, 3 and 4, linked to economic variables. The results confirm the specificity of the two “engines of growth”; economic performances in European industries appear as the result of different innovation models, with strong specificities of the four Revised Pavitt classes.     

Manufacturing In Decline? A Matter Of Definition

This paper offers a new approach to the definition of manufacturing activities, placing them in a broader framework to capture the dynamics of manufacturing in the economy. After discussing why in many cases it may bc appropriate to consider producer services and tnanttfacturing industries together, the paper analyzes the development of manufacturing and producer service industries in the United States. We examine the factors leading to the growth of producer services, concluding that unbundling, the shift of some activities (such as legal, accounting, and data processing services) from manufacturing to producer services industries, is an important explanation for this growth. Finally, we discuss the relationship between manufacturing and producer services. Our analysis, based on a broader definition of manufacturing, shows that over the last two decades the U.S. manufacturing base has declined only slightly rather than radically as suggested in many studies.     

The long-run effects of the real exchange rate on employment and wages in Canadian manufacturing

ABSTRACT

The literature on real exchange rate effects on the labour market is dominated by short-run analysis showing that there is heterogeneity in the responses of firms or industries to a real exchange rate shock. Analysing data on Canadian manufacturing industries, I conclude that there is a common long-run equilibrium across all manufacturing industries controlling for their openness to trade after varying adjustments to a real exchange rate shock have taken place. This conclusion is important from the perspective of policy making because it helps to form expectations about the effects of a real exchange rate movement on the labour market. The results suggest that real appreciation leads to economically significant reductions in employment in manufacturing in the long run. Real wages decrease in industries that are highly engaged in international trade and somewhat increase in industries that are relatively closed to international trade. Both employment and real wages converge quickly to the long-run equilibrium.     

Productivity Gains and Spillovers from Offshoring

Offshoring is generally believed to be productivity enhancing and this belief is underpinned by economic theory. This paper estimates the impact of materials and business services offshoring on productivity in Belgium over the period 1995–2004. It contributes to the literature: (i) by examining this issue separately for manufacturing and market services industries and (ii) by investigating the possibility of forward and backward spillovers from offshoring, i.e. that productivity gains from offshoring feed through to upstream and downstream industries. Results show that materials offshoring has no effect on productivity, while business services offshoring leads to productivity gains in manufacturing. Furthermore, there is no evidence of either forward or backward spillovers from offshoring.     

Institutions,innovation and growth

This paper looks at the link between the quality of economic institutions and innovation, and innovation and growth. We construct a measure of the innovation content of individual manufacturing industries and show that countries with stronger economic institutions specialize in more innovation‐intensive industries. Our results also provide evidence that industries involving higher levels of innovation grow relatively faster in countries with better economic institutions. The results suggest that innovation is an important channel through which higher quality economic institutions contribute to better growth performance in the long run.     

Incidence theory and the shifting of protection across sectors: the South Asian experience

Using the theoretical framework of a simple general equilibrium model, this paper examines whether strategies aimed at protecting or promoting manufacturing industries indirectly taxed the agricultural and service sectors. A panel data set consisting of five South Asian countries over a 26 year time period is employed in the analysis. Three different estimation procedures are used to account for factors that are country specific and those that are common to all countries. The results indicate that the agricultural sector indirectly felt the brunt of the net protection provided to manufactures due to the ‘shifting of protection’ across sectors. The service sector, on the other hand, indirectly benefited from the general equilibrium spillover effects.