Land and residential property markets in a booming economy: New evidence from Beijing

Beijing's housing market has boomed over the last fifteen years. The city's population grew by 40.6% and per capita income (in constant RMB) by 273.9% from 1991 to 2005. Using two geocoded data sets, we present new evidence on the real estate price gradient, land price gradient, population densities, and building densities in Beijing's recent free housing market. The classic urban monocentric model's predictions are largely upheld in Beijing. We also document the importance of local public goods, such as access to public transit infrastructure, core high schools, clean air, and major universities, most of which have exogenous locations, as important determinants of real estate prices.     

Household borrowing and metropolitan housing price dynamics – Empirical evidence from Helsinki

This article argues that, especially in the absence of sufficient direct data on credit constraints, it is reasonable to add a household debt variable in an empirical model studying housing price dynamics. This is because household borrowing is likely to reveal information regarding the credit constraints faced by households. Moreover, debt may also give information on expected income growth and interest rate movements. The aim of this study is to examine empirically if household borrowing data, indeed, is of importance in a dynamic housing price model. In line with the prior expectations, it is found that housing appreciation in the Helsinki Metropolitan area is Granger caused by the household debt-to-GDP ratio both in the short and in the long run. Causality from the housing market to credit, in turn, seems to run only through a cointegrating long-run relation. While the estimated long-run relation between housing prices, income and debt-to-GDP ratio appears to have remained stable through the sample period (1975Q1-2006Q2), the short-run dynamics changed somewhat due to the financial liberalization in the late 1980s. The stability of the long-run relation implies that the loan data are able to cater, at least to a notable extent, for the effect of the changes in Finnish households’ liquidity constraints on housing demand. In line with previous literature, it is also found that housing price adjustment is sluggish and includes notable backward-looking features.     

Subtle discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from e-mail correspondence with landlords

We find that landlords practice subtle discrimination in the rental housing market through the use of language associated with describing and viewing a unit, inviting further correspondence, making a formal greeting, and using polite language when replying to e-mail inquiries from a white name more often than to an African American name, they also send longer e-mails and respond quicker to white names.     

我国四大城市住宅价格与租金的关系研究

近20年,我国城市住宅价格经历了大幅下跌与上涨,而同期租金逐年下降,房价与租金之间的关系令人关注。本文利用1993年第二季度至2010年第一季度的数据进行实证分析,结果表明北京、上海、广州和深圳的租金指数和房价指数之间不存在协整关系,说明住宅市场价格与租金不存在长期均衡关系,房价严重脱离了租金这一基本面的影响,不再遵循现值理论模型所揭示的两者之间的运行趋势,表明房价泡沫在长期积聚。为了预防市场泡沫破灭对经济体造成的严重冲击,政府应该严格监察与调控房地产市场。     

我国四大城市住宅价格与租金的关系研究

近20年,我国城市住宅价格经历了大幅下跌与上涨,而同期租金逐年下降,房价与租金之间的关系令人关注。本文利用1993年第二季度至2010年第一季度的数据进行实证分析,结果表明北京、上海、广州和深圳的租金指数和房价指数之间不存在协整关系,说明住宅市场价格与租金不存在长期均衡关系,房价严重脱离了租金这一基本面的影响,不再遵循现值理论模型所揭示的两者之间的运行趋势,表明房价泡沫在长期积聚。为了预防市场泡沫破灭对经济体造成的严重冲击,政府应该严格监察与调控房地产市场。     

Dynamic labour supply effects of childcare subsidies: Evidence from a Canadian natural experiment on low-fee universal child care

This paper shows that a temporary incentive to join the labor market or to work more can also produce substantial life-cycle labour supply effects. On September 1997, a new childcare policy was initiated by the provincial government of Québec, the second most populous province in Canada. Licensed and regulated providers of childcare services began offering day care spaces at the subsidized fee of $5/day/child for children aged 4. In successive years, the government reduced the age requirement, created new childcare facilities and spaces, and paid for the additional costs entailed by this low-fee policy. No such important policy changes for preschool (including kindergarten) children were enacted in the nine other Canadian provinces over the years 1997–2004. Using annual data drawn from Statistics Canada's Survey on Labour and Income Dynamics and a difference-in-differences quasi-experimental methodology, the paper estimates the dynamic labour supply effects of the program. The results demonstrate that the policy had long-term labour supply effects on mothers who benefited from the program when their child was less than 6. A striking feature of the results is that they are driven by changes in the labour supply of less educated mothers.     

Transformational offshore outsourcing: Empirical evidence from alliances in China

Adopting a transformational offshore outsourcing perspective, we examine empirically the relationship among the motive to acquire tacit knowledge from outsourcing partners, formal and social control mechanisms, and innovation outcomes among Sino-foreign as well as local alliances. We constructed our theoretical model incorporating knowledge management, social exchange, and alliance risk perspectives, and hypothesized that motives to acquire partners’ tacit knowledge through offshore outsourcing will affect firm innovation via two forms of control, namely social control and formal control. Our empirical testing, utilizing two sub-samples composed of Sino-foreign offshore outsourcing alliances and local outsourcing alliances, respectively, reveals that the motive to acquire outsourcing partner's tacit knowledge and different control mechanisms are significant predictors of incremental and radical innovation outcomes, and that there are some intriguing differences between the Sino-foreign alliances and local alliances.     

囤房现象形成的原因、影响与治理策略

研究目的:解释我国城市居民热衷囤房的原因,分析这一行为对宏观经济与居民家庭生活的影响,提出治理这一行为的策略.研究方法:基于住房特殊属性的归纳法和比较分析法.研究结果:在制度诱因和心理作用驱使下,居民将高储蓄率偏好转化为了囤房动机,使住房由一般消费品转为实物储蓄.由于住房的若干基本属性和衍生效应,长期大规模地图房将造成资源浪费,阻碍了住房公平,削弱了青年家庭的购买能力.研究结论:迫切需要采取政策干预引导住房不再成为“房币”.     

中国的房价与地价:理论、实证和政策分析

本文采用四象限模型、格兰杰因果检验和误差修正模型等分析方法,从理论、实证和政策等方面对中国房价与地价关系以及市场结构和政府供地方式的转变对二者关系的影响进行系统、深入地研究,并对进一步规范房地产市场秩序,理顺地价和房价形成机制等提出政策建议。研究结果表明,短期内房价决定地价,长期内二者相互影响。与协议出让方式相比,土地招拍挂出让通过促进土地市场的买方竞争、降低房地产增量市场的垄断性,在显化土地价格的同时,降低了地价对房价的影响程度。     

教育不平等、人力资本积累与经济增长:基于中国的实证研究

教育是人力资本形成的重要途径。本文运用教育基尼系数量化了我国1996~2004年31个省份的教育获得不平等程度,在理论与实证研究基础上得出我国的教育扩展政策收效显著,它显著地改善了地区间教育获得不平等状况,但两者间的“倒U”关系在目前的发展阶段上未能得到完全印证;同时,教育不平等将阻碍经济增长,地区间教育不平等已成为各地区经济发展差异的重要因素。通过对教育不平等与经济增长关系的分析,对促进我国经济长期有效增长的教育政策有所启示。     

内部控制信息披露的市场反应——来自沪深股市的经验证据

研究发现,内控信息披露引致市场的正面反应,累计异常超额收益为正;强制与自愿披露内控信息相比,强制内控信息披露获得的超额收益率更高。同时,上市公司规模大小、是否"四大"审计等也影响内部控制信息披露的异常超额收益率的高低。     

同步性、隐性保险与商业银行市场约束——来自中国上市商业银行的经验证据

本文采用Demirgüc-Kunt&Huizinga(2004)的研究模型,验证了在中国上市商业银行中是否存在市场约束效应以及同步性和隐性保险对市场约束的影响。研究发现了中国上市商业银行存在市场约束的证据,表现为银行风险增加时,存款增长率降低,说明风险越大的银行越难吸收到存款;而且银行股价的同步性越低这一相关关系的敏感度越高,说明银行向市场披露的自身信息越多,市场约束的效果越明显;而政府的支持则会降低存款增长率与风险关系的敏感度,证明了隐性保险的存在会减弱存款人风险监督的激励。     

科技创新环境的实证研究——基于上海市创新环境的因子分析

科技创新是国家竞争力维持的源动力,走科技创新之路是我国中长期发展战略,因此对科技创新的硬环境和软环境的研究就显得尤为重要。本文在对科技创新环境内涵详细界定基础上,采用基于时序的因子分析法对上海市1993年-2006年的科技创新环境进行了分析,依此建立了科技创新环境的评价指标体系,从而提出影响科技创新环境改善的主要因素。     

Training and enterprise performance in transition: evidence from China

The role of training and its impact on company performance is studied in different types of enterprises in a transitional economy. A sample of manufacturing enterprises is drawn, using China as a case study. The findings indicate that training is perceived to be relatively important in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). Training objectives have three major dimensions, namely enhancing working relationships, tackling skill deficiencies and skills development. SOEs tend to focus more on skill development, while non-SOEs emphasize both enhancing working relationships and skills improvement. Comparing the expectations of training and the perceived achievement of training objectives, the gap is seen to be small within all types of enterprises, and training effectiveness is perceived to be similar. The production function estimation shows that there is a positive relationship between training expenditures and enterprise productivity.     

Growth, development and natural resources: New evidence using a heterogeneous panel analysis

This paper explores whether natural resource abundance is a curse or a blessing. To do so, we firstly develop a theory consistent econometric model, in which we show that there is a long run relationship between real income, the investment rate, and the real value of oil production. Secondly, we investigate the long-run (level) impacts of natural resource abundance on domestic output as well as the short-run (growth) effects. Thirdly, we explicitly recognize that there is a substantial cross-sectional dependence and cross-country heterogeneity in our sample, which covers 53 oil exporting and importing countries with very different historical and institutional backgrounds, and adopt the non-stationary panel methodologies developed by Pesaran (2006) and Pedroni (2000) for estimation. Our results, using the real value of oil production, rent or reserves as a proxy for resource endowment, reveal that oil abundance has a positive effect on both income levels and economic growth. While we accept that oil rich countries could benefit more from their natural wealth by adopting growth and welfare enhancing policies and institutions, we challenge the common view that oil abundance affects economic growth negatively.     

股权激励、约束机制与业绩相关性——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文以我国2006年1月1日到2010年12月31日实施股权激励的沪深上市公司为样本,考虑股权激励本身的约束、内部公司治理背景以及外部监管等与股权激励有关的约束机制,研究股权激励、约束机制与业绩之间的相关性。研究发现:(1)上市公司管理层股权激励与公司业绩显著正相关,实施股权激励有利于提高公司业绩;(2)约束水平综合值与公司业绩正相关,说明约束机制对管理层越有效,越有利于提高公司业绩;(3)目前,股权激励与约束机制尚未有效配合,未能出现共同提高业绩的协同效应。     

公司成长性、审计质量与会计稳健性——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

以2007-2012年中国A股上市公司为样本,从会计稳健性的视角检验审计质量和公司成长性对公司财务报告行为的综合影响。研究发现,公司成长性对会计稳健性具有显著的负向影响,但高质量审计能够削弱这一影响。研究结果表明,尽管高成长性公司具有更为激进的财务报告行为,但是高质量审计能够有效抑制公司的这一行为,从而提高公司财务报告质量。     

中国大城市职住分离现象及其特征——以北京市为例

以北京为案例城市,基于2007年对北京市内600户家庭的问卷调查数据,以居住地和就业地之间的直线距离--职住距离(job-housing distance) 为职住分离程度的测度指标,描述了北京市职住分离格局,除社会经济属性外,重点比较了不同居住社区类型、住房产权属性、居住搬迁年份的居民的职住分离程度,以期反映影响居民就业可迭性的制度性和结构性因素.     

产权性质、高管薪酬与高管腐败——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

文章以2007-2012年A股上市公司作为研究样本,根据腐败行为发现的可能性将上市公司高管腐败分为显性腐败和隐性腐败。实证研究发现:(1)对于显性腐败,高管高薪可以起到抑制腐败的作用,但是由于国有企业天生与政府存在亲属关系,这种抑制作用要弱于非国有企业;(2)对于隐性腐败,高薪并不能起到抑制腐败的功效,并且高管薪酬与隐性腐败存在正相关关系,支持了管理层权力理论。相对于国有企业,非国有企业高管薪酬与隐性腐败的正相关关系更为显著。