FDI、人力资本与省际工业能源效率

本文从技术吸收的角度出发,考察了人力资本通过外资企业对各省区工业能源使用效率的吸收效果。结果发现,整体上所有群体对外资的先进技术吸收效果并不显著,而当考虑不同教育人群的吸收能力时,发现初中和高中教育水平对外资总体的技术吸收能力较好。同时这两类人力资本对其他外资企业的技术吸收能力也较好,但由于港澳台外企的技术相对于其他外资比较落后,导致未受教育和小学教育水平人群也呈现出较好的吸收能力。     

The impact of inward FDI on local companies’ labour productivity: evidence from the Italian case

The article aims to investigate the impact of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) occurring through acquisition upon the local target company’ performance, as measured by labour productivity. It relies upon the idea that multinational enterprises (MNEs) act as a device to transfer firm‐specific proprietary assets, thus causing their subsidiaries to exhibit better performance than their host country rivals. Specifically, our results show that foreign acquisitions generally increase the local target companies’ labour productivity in the medium term after the acquisition. The empirical evidence refers to foreign acquisitions that occurred in Italy in the period 1994–1997.     

Escapism FDI from developed economies: The role of regulatory context and corporate taxation

In this paper, we extend the conceptualisation of escapism Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) holding for emerging economies to developed economies that face specific institutional failures, such as weak or incomplete regulations, along with high taxation. We combine this literature with the recent development of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm, which includes institutional aspects regarding location factors. We argue that in developed economies with problematic regulations and high taxation, sound institutions and lower tax rates abroad are extremely significant for domestic firms’ internationalisation. A central result regards the moderating effect of host regulatory quality on taxation, which highlights the crucial role of institutions for firms originating in developed economies that lack sound institutions. Additionally, the results challenge the available theorising and evidence on the moderating role of institutions in the prior experience of a firm at a location. We instead provide evidence that once firms establish a subsidiary abroad, they acquire substantial knowledge about the host institutional environment, which translates into an Ot advantage, providing an additional motive for further expansion. This work uses a unique database of the total population of Greek MNEs – released for the first time – for an extended time period, 2001–2010. The results could be generalised to similar developed economies facing analogous regulatory failures and high taxation, such as the southern European Union countries, as well as even for northern European Union countries, such as Germany, according to Bundesbank’s report.     

外商直接投资与发展中国家的人力资本发展

人力资本不仅仅影响一国内部经济增长,同时也和外部经济交往比如外商直接投资(FDI)存在互为补充的关系。FDI能够对东道国的人力资本发展起到重要作用,主要通过影响东道国的正规教育和在职培训提升东道国的人力资本水平;发展中国家要加大本国的教育投资;鼓励跨国公司的培训活动和实施吸引人才的制度;实现FDI、人力资本和技术外溢的良性循环。     

人力资本跨国流动与中国经济增长——基于外商直接投资视角的研究

跨国人力资本作为外商直接投资(FDI)技术外溢重要载体的观点已被众多文献所探讨,但其对东道国经济增长的作用很少被详细的研究过。本文首先通过一般均衡模型描述了多样化的跨国人力资本和有形资产对东道国经济增长的作用。为了检验理论模型关于经济变量间关系的预测,采用中国1992-2007年29个地区的面板数据考察跨国人力资本流动对于我国经济增长的作用。将跨国人力资本变量引入传统的经济增长回归模型中,并运用SYS-GMM计量方法测算它对经济增长的效应。结果表明,基于FDI的跨国人力资本流动与经济增长显著正相关,在控制其他因素如人口和制度变量后,这一结果仍然稳健有效。     

Human capital and FDI: Development process of the developing country in an overlapping generation model

We construct an overlapping generation model with human capital accumulation to analyze the effect of human capital level on foreign direct investment (FDI) in a small open developing country. In particular, we assume that manufactured goods have the human capital intensive technology and young agents choose whether to work or to educate themselves. When the human capital level in the developing country is sufficiently small, manufactured goods firms do not conduct FDI and the economy in the developing country is trapped in poverty. If the government of the developing country levies a tariff on the imports of manufactured goods, manufacturers conduct FDI, and the economy in the developing country can escape from the poverty trap.     

外国直接投资与中国人力资本成长的实证分析——以“长三角”为例

文章从人力资本存量水平和人力资本效率水平两个角度,以“长三角”地区为案例,集中探讨了外商直接投资对我国人力资本成长的影响。研究资料显示,“长三角”地区外国直接投资每增加1%,该地区平均实际工资水平将增加0.31%。另一方面,从“长三角”地区近年来有外国直接投资支撑的制造业的劳动生产率的变化来看,同其它较少外国直接投资或者无外国直接投资支撑的行业相比,其人力资本效率水平一直保持在相对较高的水平上。“长三角”地区人力资本成长的政策含义是,今后外国直接投资的引进应当在遵循比较优势和要素自由流动的原则基础上,尽可能地与我国产业结构乃至就业结构的调整方向保持一致,而盲目追求外国直接投资的数量规模则是有害的。     

Human capital and SME internationalization: a structural equation modeling study

This study uses a structural equation modeling technique to predict the internationalization of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) from the entrepreneur's human capital (dimensions: international business skills, international orientation, environmental perception, and management know‐how). While international orientation and environmental risk perception predicted internationalization, international business skills and management know‐how did not. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

交通设施、金融深化、制度变迁及人力资本与FDI之间关系的实证研究

对外直接投资(FDI)对一个国家经济发展的影响是国际投资学理论研究的前沿和热点问题。FDI弥补了东道国的资金缺口,带来了先进的管理和技术等稀缺要素,同时FDI加速了东道国内部的产业结构调整和金融深化,推动了制度变迁,从多个角度深刻地影响了经济的发展。但是,究竟是东道国的哪些因素促进了FDI的流入?影响程度又有多大?为此,这里选择了有关制度变迁、金融深化、人均道路、产业结构、人力资本等多个自变量,利用现代计量经济学工具,对以上变量进行了选择,然后建立了它们与FDI的长期协整关系及误差修正模型,并进行了Granger因果检验,得出了有意义的结论。     

中国、美国、欧盟反倾销法的差异比较和借鉴

美国和欧盟是我国重要的贸易伙伴,也是对我国提起反倾销申诉比较多的国家和地区。本文对中国、美国和欧盟反倾销法的主要差异进行了比较研究,指出了中国与美欧反倾销法的分歧和冲突,以及中国反倾销法的若干不足之处,为完善我国的反倾销法提供借鉴。     

行业内FDI技术外溢效应研究——基于广州市工业行业面板数据的实证分析

文章运用广州市32个工业部门的面板数据,对行业内FDI的技术外溢效应的实证分析结果表明:外资对内资的技术外溢效应总体上是非常微弱,相反,竞争效应则能对内资企业提高生产率起到更大的正向作用。按照行业不同的技术密集程度,文章将这些行业分为高技术行业、中高技术行业、中低技术行业和低技术行业分别予以检验,结果发现,技术差距越大,越不利于FDI技术外溢效应的发挥,而竞争效应所起的作用越大;人力资本流动效应的发挥只有在吸收能力的水平达到一定程度之后才会有积极意义。     

FDI inflow as an international business operation by MNCs and economic growth: An empirical study on Turkey

The issue of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been affecting the world economy for years and is a considerable subject for both developed and developing countries. FDI is the fixed form of international business operation made across the national borders made mostly by the multi national corporations (MNCs). The positive impact of FDI inflow in a host country is expected to emerge as capital accumulation, technology transfer, know-how acquisition, innovative capacity and economic growth eventually. In this study, it is aimed to address the FDI literature depending on comprehensive international publications and then to analyze the FDI inflow and GDP growth in Turkey with econometric methods.The relation between FDI inflow and GDP growth is analyzed by using the Johansen cointegration test and Granger causality analysis. Afterwards, a regression equation is estimated by using the ordinary least squares method (OLS). Prior to applying the Cointegration test, the stationarity and integration degrees of the series are determined by the augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF). Consequently, resting on the results of entire analysis, it is possible to mention that no significant relation is determined between the FDI inflow and GDP growth in Turkey both in the short and long run.     

The effects of competition policy,regulatory quality and trust on inward FDI in host countries

This article develops a comparative institutionalist framework to investigate how pro-enforcement reforms leading to a change in competition policy regimes attracts FDI in host countries, and how this relationship is moderated by the interplay between key formal and informal institutions. We revisit the FDI theory by integrating insights from economics of competition policy and the most recent debate on how institutions matter to international business. We contend that the effectiveness of competition policy enforcement is a crucial factor in attracting FDI, but only in host countries characterized by institutional configurations where the lack of trust is concomitant with a high-quality regulatory institutional environment. Our analysis on a sample of 63 countries followed in the 1980–2017 period supports our hypotheses. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding on the competition policy–FDI relationship at national level and has implications for policy makers.     

Human capital formation under neo-liberalism: the legacy of vocational education training in Australasia and implications for the Asia-Pacific region

Abstract

This appraisal considers the role and impact of vocational education and training (VET) in Australia and New Zealand, and suggests directions such policy might take in other Asia-Pacific countries. It identifies key issues and constraints in making VET more responsive to emerging labour market needs in the region as an important factor in sustaining high economic growth. It focuses on the way in which the demands of the government, industry, trainees, and, in particular, shifts in political ideology that have influenced the education and training sectors in both countries. It addresses points of specific relevance for the delivery of VET in the broader Asia-Pacific context and concludes with a consideration of lessons and experiences of Australia and New Zealand with VET that may hold for other countries in the region in formulating priorities and implementing strategies in meeting their current and emerging needs for skills development.     

Entrepreneurial orientation, management commitment, and human capital: The internationalization of SMEs in India

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make sizeable contributions to the economic success of nations. Research concerning the internationalization of SMEs is available in the context of developed economies but less is can be found dealing specifically with the entrepreneurial behavior and international expansion of SMEs in emerging markets such as India. This research extends the literature addressing the relationships surrounding the internationalization of SMEs in India as related to entrepreneurial behavior, firm resources, and commitment to internationalization. Entrepreneurial orientation, a commitment to internationalization, and the ability to leverage human capital influence the international success of Indian SMEs, based on the analysis of data collected from 150 Indian SMEs.     

Corporate Social Reporting in the European Context and Human Resource Disclosures: An Analysis of Finnish Companies

This paper explores by means of content analysis the extent to which the Finnish biggest companies have adapted socially responsible reporting practices. The research focuses on Human Resource (HR) reporting and covers corporate annual reports. The criteria has been set on the basis of the analysis of the documents published at the European level in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR), paying special attention to the European Council appeal on CSR in March 2000. As CSR is a relatively new concept in Finland, the paper also contributes to the discussion on interface between HR reporting (especially as based on measurements such as Human Resource Accounting and Intellectual Capital schools) and corporate social reporting practices. The results of the content analysis indicate that social reporting practices are still at an early stage of development in Finland. The most reported theme was ‘training and staff development’. A positive sign was that the majority also disclosed themes ‘participation and staff involvement’ and ‘employee health and well-being’. Furthermore, nearly one-third made references to their work atmosphere or job satisfaction survey. However, disclosures lacked overall consistency and comparability with each other and especially quantitative indicators were disclosed by few. Further concern was lack of information related to the theme equal opportunities and going beyond a sheer disclosure of age or gender structure. The other issues rarely disclosed were those related to employee work–life balance and integration of disadvantaged groups in the labour markets.     

江浙沪三省市外商直接投资与环境污染的因果关系检验

文章利用1986-2003年江浙沪三省市实际利用外资额和废气排放量的数据进行了外商直接投资增长与环境污染加剧的因果关系检验,结果表明:在汇总的三省市数据和上海、江苏两省市的单独检验中,外商直接投资增长与环境污染加剧之间的因果关系较为明显;但是对于浙江省,这两者数据间的因果关系并不明显。建议今后一段时期内,长三角地区利用外资不仅要注重量的增加,更要注重质的提升,尤其是要提高外资利用的水平和效率,以缓解日益紧张的环境污染压力。     

Measuring intellectual capital and its effect on financial performance: Evidence from the capital market in Taiwan

This paper studies intellectual capital in companies in Taiwan, China. Intellectual capital is an invisible, yet important resource for companies. The first aim of this paper is to provide a systematic investigation on how to measure intellectual capital. Results show that the coefficient of value-added intellectual capital is positively related to return on assets and market capitalization in both fix and random effects. Similar results are also obtained with dynamic panel data. Furthermore, innovation variables such as research and development expenditure are more accurate than structural capital in measuring intellectual capital. The author thus suggests that companies need to keep a close track of their intellectual capital and focus on internal information delivery to gain competitive advantage.     

我国外贸竞争力、外国直接投资与实际汇率关系的实证研究

本文基于2005年7月至2008年6月我国外贸竞争力、实际利用外国直接投资与实际汇率的月度数据实证研究了人民币汇率形成机制改革以来我国外贸竞争力、外国直接投资与实际汇率之间的关系,发现三者之间存在一个协整关系,然而只有外贸竞争力是实际汇率的格兰杰原因,实际汇率是实际利用外国直接投资流量水平的格兰杰原因。但是,我国的引资政策和汇率形成机制未能有效提高外贸竞争力,而我国外贸竞争力并不影响实际利用外资的水平,实际利用外资水平也不影响实际汇率的变动。最后根据实证研究结果提出政策建议。     

Firm heterogeneity and technology transfers to local suppliers: Disentangling the effects of foreign ownership,technology gap and absorptive capacity

In this paper, I present novel microeconomic evidence on the effects of firm heterogeneity on the creation and impact of technology transfers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to local suppliers in a developing country setting. The main findings are threefold. First, FDI firms are significantly more involved in knowledge transfer activities than domestic producer firms. In particular, FDI firms offer more technological support, support with a direct positive impact on production processes of local suppliers. Second, the type of ownership also influences the effect of the technology gap on technology transfers. A large technology gap between a producer firm and its suppliers lowers the provision of support; however, FDI firms offer more technological support to their suppliers of material inputs when the technology gap is large. Independent of the support that the suppliers receive, foreign ownership of client firms and a large technology gap make it more likely that suppliers experience large positive impacts. Third, the level of absorptive capacity of local suppliers is also important for the impact of the technology transfers, confirming the notion that heterogeneity among both producer firms and local suppliers affect the level, nature and impact of local technology transfers.