Nonprofit Organisations and Social Economy: Two Ways of Understanding the Third Sector

The term third sector refers to a set of organizations which are neither capitalist, nor governmental. First of all, this paper aims to extent B. Gui's unitary approach to the third-sector [1991] by focusing on the distinction between third sector and state-owned bodies. Next I propose to translate the non capitalist and the non governmental conditions into operational criteria. I show that these criteria vary according to the nature of the organisations (general interest versus mutual interest). This statement allows me to justify the emergence of two different ways of understanding the third-sector in anglo-saxon and french-speaking traditions.     

日本循环经济的形成与发展

在日本，经济的高速增长，人民生活水平不断提高的同时，“大量生产、大量消费、大量废弃、用完即扔”的生产消费体制既浪费资源，又污染环境，极大地阻碍了社会、经济的持续发展。面对这种状况，日本在全国范围内建立了“再生循环”的社会经济体系，对废弃物进行合理处置、再生利用，从而把产生的废弃物和对生态环境的污染减到了最低限度。这样做，既节约了资源，又保护了环境，也为社会与经济的可持续发展提供了保障。     

The Political Economy of Social Security

We consider a two-period overlapping generations model in which individual voters differ by age and by productivity. In such a setting, a redistributive pay-as-you-go system is politically sustainable, even when the interest rate is higher than the rate of population growth. The workers with medium wages (not those with the lowest wages) and the retirees form a majority which votes for a positive level of social security. This level depends on the difference between the rates of population growth and interest as well as on the redistributiveness of the benefit rule.     

第三产业循环经济建设探讨——以北京市为例

随着经济、社会的发展和产业结构的调整,第三产业在国民经济结构中所占的比重越来越大,人民生产生活对第三产业的需求也越来越高,第三产业进入快速发展的阶段.但同时第三产业对生态环境的影响也显现出来,需要加以重视,以避免像工业发展一样,当经济环境问题严重时再回头解决.循环经济发展模式是落实科学发展观,实现人与自然和谐的重要举措;是推动经济增长方式与技术经济模式转变,促进经济生态化的重要途径;是实现人口、资源、环境三者有机统一,从更高层次上推进可持续发展的有效模式.第三产业发展循环经济完全符合其实际情况,是实现第三产业发展与人口、资源、环境协调统一,建设资源节约、环境友好型社会和创建和谐社会的必然选择.     

Social Economy Companies in the Spanish Agricultural Sector: Delimitation and Situation in the Context of the European Union

Abstract On the basis of the definitions that have found the greatest acceptance among the scientific community, this paper identifies the business formulas that comprise the Social Economy in the agri‐food sector with reference to the case of Spain, for which the latest data and figures are presented. At the same time, it presents a comparative study with agricultural cooperatives in the European Union, using the cluster analysis method, in order to place the business situation of Spanish cooperatives within this context.     

The Changing Position of the Rural Sector in the Australian Economy since 1945

This article was prepared by Dr A. W. Smith and Rhonda Smith. It is a substantially revised version of a section of a paper presented to the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural Economics Society held in Brisbane in February 1977. The authors are grateful to Alistair Watson, Roy Powell and Louise Barton for comments on earlier drafts     

第三产业循环经济建设探讨——以北京市为例

随着经济、社会的发展和产业结构的调整,第三产业在国民经济结构中所占的比重越来越大,人民生产生活对第三产业的需求也越来越高,第三产业进入快速发展的阶段。但同时第三产业对生态环境的影响也显现出来,需要加以重视,以避免像工业发展一样,当经济环境问题严重时再回头解决。循环经济发展模式是落实科学发展观,实现人与自然和谐的重要举措;是推动经济增长方式与技术经济模式转变,促进经济生态化的重要途径;是实现人口、资源、环境三者有机统一,从更高层次上推进可持续发展的有效模式。第三产业发展循环经济完全符合其实际情况,是实现第三产业发展与人口、资源、环境协调统一,建设资源节约、环境友好型社会和创建和谐社会的必然选择。     

The Political Economy of Social Security in a Borrowing‐Constrained Economy

This paper introduces a three‐income class, overlapping‐generations model with borrowing constraints. The labor income tax for financing pay‐as‐you‐go social security is determined in a majoritarian voting game played by successive generations. When the interest‐rate elasticity of consumption is low, the political equilibrium might be characterized by an equilibrium where the old and the middle‐income young individuals form a coalition in favor of a higher tax rate and greater social security, while the low‐ and the high‐income young individuals favor a lower tax rate and less social security. In this equilibrium, the size of social security is decreased by the mean‐preserving reduction of a decisive voter's wage if he/she is borrowing‐constrained.     

The Emergent Role of Social Intermediaries in the New Economy

This paper focuses on the role of social intermediaries in the evolution of the economy. By 'social intermediaries' I mean those institutions that mediate between the economy and other realms of social activity and maintain a balance between them. Among institutions of this kind are trade unions and governmental organizations but also cooperatives, household-based enterprises, religious institutions, and, increasingly, networks of professionals and business people based on race, sex, ethnicity and religion.     

非公有制经济发展面临的问题及对策

改革开放以来 ,我国的非公有制经济得到了长足发展 ,特别在扩大就业、增加经济总量、完善市场体系等方面发挥了不可替代的作用。同时 ,随着实践的发展 ,若干深层次问题与矛盾显露出来 ,如产权结构缺陷、融资困境、创新能力低下、分配机制不规范等。要保持非公有制经济持续发展 ,特别是中国加入WTO后 ,提高非公有制经济的竞争力 ,必须进行企业制度创新、改善投融资环境、增强机制创新和技术创新能力、规范分配机制等。     

试论宋代广西社会经济的发展

宋代是历史上积贫积弱的时代 ,尤以南宋为最。但中国之大 ,发展不平衡是十分明显的。广西 ,偏于南疆 ,发展滞后 ,但到了宋代却在多种特殊情况下 ,经济发展很快。而且是多方面得以发展 ,形成了经济发展史上的一个高峰。本文从农业、手工业、商业等各业进行细致考论 ,证明了宋代经济的发展。文章指出宋代重视农业生产 ,屡下诏书劝农 ,奖励农民发展生产 ,大力提倡地方长官兴修水利 ,有成绩者也给予奖励。地方官员在中央政府提倡下 ,水利建筑如雨后春笋 ,对农业发展起了重要作用。手工业也以惊人的速度发展着 ,其中纺织、陶瓷、冶炼 ,尤为明显。其生产数量之多 ,工艺水平之高 ,在历史上占有重要地位。宋代为了发展经济大兴交通建设 ,修桥修路 ,疏通航道 ,形成水陆交通网络 ,促进物资交流与对外贸易。宋代广西还重视城市、圩市的建设 ,商业设施发展到一个新水平。     

广义虚拟经济中社会信用体系的建设

广义虚拟经济对实体经济乃至整个经济系统都具有十分重要的影响,然而当前我国出现的种种失信行为已经严重影响了我国广义虚拟经济的健康发展,对信用问题的研究引起了人们极大的关注.文章揭示了在非对称信息的现实环境中,信用在广义虚拟经济中的作用机制,并试图从传统文化、制度等方面综合分析失信的原因.在此基础上,提出了构建社会信用体系的总体框架和具体思路,以及从市场主体的信用制度和发挥政府的作用这两方面建立社会信用体系的具体措施.     

The Social Value of Cost Information in a Monopolistically Competitive Economy

An economy with monopolistic competition is endowed with an information system that produces a public information signal correlated to uncertain costs of production. Investment in the monopolistic competition sector is determined by consumers' savings under uncertainty. Savings are always lower than their efficient levels in the presented economy. If consumers' preferences exhibit prudence, then an improvement of the underlying information system (in the sense of Blackwell 1953 ) leads to a decrease of expected savings. The social value of information may be negative in that case from an ex ante point of view. Better information may strengthen the market failure caused by imperfect competition. Without precautionary saving (negative prudence), the social value of information is always positive.     

日本经济的增长与波动:1951-2002

1951-2002年的52年中,日本经济的增长与波动可明显地划分为三个阶段:高速增长期、平稳增长期和"失去的10年"或低速增长阶段,即出现了两次大的转折.运用增长会计的方法,从生产要素投入的供给可以解释由于劳动、资本、全要素生产率对经济增长的贡献度下降,导致了经济增长的两次大的转折.2003年以来日本经济开始全面复苏,步入新一轮的景气循环之中.     

社会角色与市场经济

市场经济的前提之一是确立个人作为社会经济主体的地位。个人的经济主体地位及其自主性最终是通过其扮演的社会角色而体现的。在从计划体制向市场经济的过渡中，个人角色的特点发生了重大变化。第一，社会角色的样式由单调变为多样化；第二，角色的流动性增加，社会角色具有多变性；第三，一般个人的内涵由单纯走向丰富化，个人一身兼有多重社会角色。这种变化是历史的必然，但同时也带来一些问题。第一，社会角色结构不均衡，某些为市场经济急需的社会角色缺失；第二，个人流动与角色流动的相对不足；第三，个人扮演的多重角色与其对应权责利的严重错位。建立合理有效的社会约束机制，是解决当前存在的角色缺失、角色流动不足、角色错位等严重社会问题的根本手段，是市场经济的必要条件。     

福利经济学视角下的社会分配公平问题

公平是一个古老而又崭新的话题,在我国构建和谐社会的背景下,我们通过对比福利经济学的研究,运用主张收入在社会成员中进行平均分配的社会福利函数理论证明这种理论在中国的是行不通的,继而在此基础上提出实现公平的三种思路.     

Reforming Social Security in a Transition Economy: The Case of Lithuania

This paper points out a number of problems associated with the existing pension system in Lithuania. Reforms are proposed, including (i) a substantial increase in the basic pension benefit rate, financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, provided universally, and regulated according to wage/price indexation; (ii) a significant cut in the tax contribution rate to the public pension system matched by a rise in the VAT; (iii) a rise in the retirement age to 65 for both men and women; and (iv) a gradual conversion to a private, funded, mandatory pension system to replace the earnings-related part of the current pension system.     

日本双重经济的形成和影响

日本存在明显的双重经济特征,即竞争力强、产品大量出口的制造业部门与落后的国内部门并存。其形成的根本原因是政府在资源配置和经济发展中起主导作用。在经济起飞时期,双重经济有利于促进经济的快速发展,但政府长期、过多地介入经济活动,容易产生一系列不利影响。在很大程度上,双重经济是90年代日本陷入经济停滞的重要原因。