The influence of risk-taking on bank efficiency: Evidence from Colombia

This paper shows evidence on the influence of risk-taking on bank efficiency in emerging markets and identifies heterogeneity in the way risk affects banks with different characteristics. We fit a stochastic frontier model with random inefficiency parameters to a sample of Colombian banks. The model provides accurate cost and profit efficiency estimates. The effects of risk-taking on efficiency vary with size and affiliation. Large and foreign banks benefit more from higher exposure to credit and market risk, while domestic and small banks from being more capitalised. We identify some channels explaining these differences and provide insights for prudential regulation.     

银行异质性、货币政策工具与银行信贷

通过对中国银行业2006-2010年84家银行的数据建立Panel Data模型,本文分析了货币供应量和银行间市场利率对不同类型银行信贷的影响。研究结果发现国有银行和股份制银行的信贷要显著地受到货币供应量的影响,而外资银行和城市商业银行的信贷要受到银行间市场利率的显著影响,农村商业银行没有显著地受到这些货币政策工具的影响。另外,货币政策工具对银行信贷的影响,也与不同类型银行的规模、资本充足性、盈利能力等方面的特征有关。因此,中央银行在运用不同的货币政策工具时,要综合考虑不同类型的银行对货币政策工具的反应。     

房地产与商业银行博弈分析的研究综述

房地产与商业银行两者的发展直接影响到我国整个国民经济的发展趋势。而房地产与商业银行又是共生共存的依赖体,商业银行是房地产资金来源的重要提供者,房地产是商业银行资金的主要投资领域。通过对我国房价、对策、宏观调控及风险管理的研究,探讨房地产与商业银行的关系;明确博弈分析是研究房地产与商业银行关系的重要方法等方面文献的回顾和整理,以期能够为进一步的研究提供一定的借鉴。     

Bank governance,regulation and risk-taking in Ghana

ABSTRACT

Excessive risk-taking could spell doom for the financial market and the economy as a whole as evidenced by the recent global financial crisis of 2007/08. In this study, we document the impact of corporate governance on bank risk-taking behaviour whilst accommodating the moderating effect of forms of ownership on the relationship in a regulated environment as banks do not operate in a vacuum. A panel study with data spanning from 2000 to 2013 under the fixed effects model after several model diagnostics and performance of the Hausman specification test was used. We find reserve requirement regulation to significantly influence risk-taking positively. We advocate the reversal of the recent increase in the reserve requirement from 9% to 11% and rather recommend an increase in the regulatory capital adequacy ratio from the current 10%.     

货币政策对我国上市银行风险承担的影响研究

2008年金融危机后货币政策对银行风险承担的影响属于经济学界的新兴研究热点。基于2007—2012年14家上市银行的数据,运用GMM动态面板估计方法实证检验了货币政策对我国上市银行风险承担的影响并分析了非国有银行的风险承担行为。实证结果表明,宽松的货币政策会激励银行的风险承担,非国有银行对货币政策变动的反应更为敏感。此外激励效果的产生依赖于银行的资产负债表特征和宏观经济形势。     

同业业务发展、货币政策传导与银行风险承担

商业银行同业业务逐渐从传统信用拆借演变为类信贷业务,一些银行通过同业业务实施监管套利、风险资产出表,同业业务的快速发展对原有货币政策传导体系形成干扰,甚至改变了商业银行的风险承担渠道。使用25家A股上市银行2008-2018年数据,在理论和实证两个方面分析了同业业务发展对银行风险承担的影响。理论上,同业业务能够提高银行风险承担水平和强化货币政策风险承担渠道,上述影响并同时对于不同银行伴有异质性。实证结论验证了理论推演的假设:同业业务发展与银行风险承担水平正相关,并对货币政策银行风险承担渠道具有强化作用;同业业务对大型银行的风险承担水平影响有限,但对股份制银行和中小银行的风险承担水平表现了较强的正相关性。分析货币政策风险承担渠道,中小银行对货币宽松与否更为敏感,其同业业务发展程度与货币宽松情况表现出较强的相关性。根据上述研究结论,监管政策应当更加关注银行体系分层结构下的同业业务发展引导,尤其是对于股份制银行和中小银行,应当逐步引导同业业务占比较高银行压缩同业资产,鼓励商业银行业务回归本源,支持实体经济发展。     

商业银行资本缓冲周期性特征的差异性分析

在国际社会要求计提逆周期资本缓冲和国内不断加强商业银行资本缓冲监管的双重背景下,文章以全国28家商业银行2004~2014年的非平衡面板数据为样本,基于资本成本视角检验商业银行资本缓冲的周期性特征,并分析其在不同经济阶段、不同类型银行间的差异性.研究表明:我国商业银行资本缓冲整体具有逆周期性特征,但不同类型商业银行在不同经济阶段所表现的周期性特征也具有一定的差异性;资本缓冲逆周期性在经济下行期表现更明显;国有商业银行在经济上行期表现出更强的逆周期性,股份制商业银行具有显著的顺周期性特征,且在经济下行期的顺周期性特征更明显,城市商业银行和农村商业银行均在全样本期及经济上行期表现出逆周期性特征.依据实证结论,文章提出了当局在实施资本缓冲监管过程中应采取差异化策略的政策建议.     

Internationalization strategies of emerging market banks: Challenges and opportunities

The greatly improved economic fundamentals of the major emerging economies over the last decade have propelled several emerging banks into the ranks of the world’s largest. Despite their importance in the global economy, the internationalization of emerging market banks remains an understudied phenomenon. This article examines factors that may influence the internationalization strategies of emerging market banks in the private banking sector, both when going abroad (take-off) and upon arrival in a host country (landing). The private banking sector is of significant interest given its importance in many leading financial centers around the world while undergoing major transformation due to the worldwide financial crisis, several recent scandals, and a fast-changing regulatory environment. We highlight the internationalization strategies of two banks from emerging countries, China and Brazil, and their experience in Switzerland’s traditional private banking sector. These two cases highlight factors that may influence successful internationalization such as prior industry experience, existing client base, entry strategy, ownership type, and the liability of foreignness. Our findings offer valuable implications for managers from other emerging economies by providing a better understanding of how emerging market banks expand internationally.     

汇率制度改革下商业银行外汇风险管理对策分析

商业银行既是经营外汇业务的中心,又是自负盈亏的经济主体,汇率制度的改革必然会给商业银行的资本充足率、资产负债业务和外汇产品销售带来一定的影响。商业银行要增强对外汇风险的管理意识,调整外汇资产负债的币种结构,优化贷款的行业和客户结构,积极开发和创新外汇避险和外汇理财产品,以不断增强商业银行自身抵御外汇风险的能力。     

Monetary policy and bank risk-taking: Evidence from emerging economies

This paper addresses the impact of monetary policy on banks' risk-taking by using bank-level panel data from more than 1000 banks in 29 emerging economies during 2000–2012. We find that, consistent with the proposition of the “bank risk-taking channel” of monetary policy transmission, banks' riskiness increases when monetary policy is eased. This result is robust when we adopt alternative measures of monetary policy and bank risk, and use different econometric methodologies. In addition, we find that bank risk-taking amid expansionary monetary policy is less conspicuous in a more consolidated banking sector and when monetary policy is more transparent.     

行政处罚对银行风险承担的影响：仅罚机构还是兼罚责任人？

立足于我国监管部门大力整治银行业市场乱象的现状，文章系统梳理了不同类型行政处罚对银行风险承担的影响机制，并利用手工整理的2008-2018年银行行政处罚数据，对理论假说进行实证检验。经验结果显示，“仅机构处罚”不能显著降低银行风险承担水平，“双罚”可以有效抑制银行风险承担，并且这种抑制作用具有长期效应。异质性检验表明，“双罚”对大银行、国有银行和全国性银行风险的抑制作用更明显。机制检验发现,减少理财产品、同业业务等影子银行规模是“双罚”降低银行风险承担的重要渠道。研究还发现，随着责任人处罚严厉程度的上升，“双罚”对银行风险承担的抑制效果越好。政策启示在于，加大责任人问责力度，整治影子银行乱象，是监管部门防范银行风险的关键所在。     

Organisational flexibility and governance in a civil-law regime: Scottish partnership banks during the Industrial Revolution

Unlike their English counterparts, Scottish partnership banks during the Industrial Revolution operated under partnership law which was similar to the French société en commandite. The article suggests that the definitive feature of this partnership law was that it permitted partnerships to separate ownership from control and stock to be traded. Archival evidence also suggests that Scottish partnership banks had mechanisms to ameliorate potential insider opportunism arising from the separation of ownership from control. The available evidence also suggests that the ability of Scottish banks to separate ownership from control may have contributed to the relative stability of the banking system.     

Financial openness,disclosure and bank risk-taking in MENA countries

In this paper, we analyze the risk-taking behavior of banks in emerging economies in a context of international capital mobility. Our paper highlights a new channel through which depositors can exercise pressure to control risk-taking. Depositors can reallocate their savings away from their home country to the more protective system of a developed economy. We recover a classical result according to which increased competition resulting from more international financial openness induces banks to take excessive risks. We find however that sufficiently high financial openness is necessary for a positive link between financial transparency and safe risk management. Finally, we test the relationship between disclosure, financial openness and bank risk-taking for a panel of 258 banks from the MENA region and Turkey.     

Foreign direct investment in the banking sector: the case of Italian banks in the '90s

The present paper addresses the issue of the determinants of the growth of multinational banks upon foreign markets at a micro individual level. Theories and approaches suggested so far about globalisation of the banking sector basically relate banks' international growth to the theory of the multinational enterprise. Accordingly, this paper relies on the eclectic paradigm, which views the foreign direct investment decision to be a combination of ownership, internalisation and location advantages. Empirical evidence is provided through an econometric model based on count data techniques, with reference to the Italian case in the decade 1989–1999. Results show that the availability of resources and international experience already gathered by the parent banks have positive effects on their decision to undertake direct investments abroad. Multinational banks are also proved to grow internationally in order to internalise their pre-existing bank–client relationships, and to locate their foreign units where they can exploit positive externalities related to the presence of important international financial centres.     

试析商业银行的特殊性及其对法人治理的影响

完善法人治理结构是银行改革的核心,但目前对商业银行法人治理的研究基本上只是简单套用企业法人治理理论,并没有充分考虑商业银行与一般企业的差异。本文着重研究了商业银行在经营目标、经营地位、资本结构、经营风险、存款保险、信息透明度和政府管制等方面的特殊性及其对法人治理的影响,希望能为构建具有商业银行自身特色的法人治理理论体系奠定基础。     

Bank risk-taking and competition in developing banking markets: Does efficiency level matter? Evidence from Africa

We contribute to the existing literature on the nonlinear nexus between competition and risk-taking by exploring how differences in efficiency levels affect the risk-taking of banks when competition increases. Based on a sample of 430 African banks, this paper reveals that, banks with high and low efficiency tend to take more risk than those with average efficiency level. This study further suggests that bank specific characteristics and macroeconomic dynamics, play an important role in the competition-risk-taking nexus within African banking industry. Besides, while the penetration of African Cross-border banks does not stimulate risk-taking in the hosts domestic markets, an improvement of banking regulation (Basel 2.5, 3 and further) is mandatory to mitigate their possible adverse effects on the competition-financial stability nexus.     

Anlageverhalten auf Finanzmärkten

Despite a global homogenisation of financial markets, some characteristic national structures of private investors’ behaviour have been preserved. The underlying persistence of observable differences is due to the embeddedness of these markets in historical, institutional and cultural frameworks. Thus, the perception of financial risk is a function of culturally inherited social norms and conventions attached to different financial risk-taking domains. Private investors’ behaviour is guided by heterogeneous versions of rationality, thus explaining why households in bank-based systems like Germany provide banks with “patient capital” even at the price of lower return expectations.     

Bank capital regulation, asset risk, and subordinated uninsured debt

Whether more stringent capital requirements lead to reduced or to increased bank risk-taking has been discussed intensively in the academic literature. In this paper we drop the common but unrealistic assumptions that banks only issue deposits whose returns are guaranteed by a subsidised deposit insurance and that deposit insurance is free. We prove that with uninsured debt and a flat-rate deposit insurance premium the reaction of a bank to a higher capital requirement may change substantially. In some scenarios banks increase asset risk due to the enforcement of a more stringent capital requirement.     

上市银行各项中间业务对比分析

本文利用2010年16家上市银行的年报中关于中间业务收入构成的各项数据进行对比分析,并通过对其各项中间业务的2010年增长比率和2010年在中间业务收入中的占比,以及占比变化情况进行具体的横向比较,发现在同等资产规模的各家银行中各项中间业务的发展呈现出层次不齐的景象。因此,针对各家银行在中间业务发展中面临的不同问题,结合国外银行业的先进经验提出针对性的建议。     

我国商业银行的外部环境因素分析

商业银行的外部环境影响其成长和获利能力。商业银行为获取战略竞争力,形成持久竞争优势,必须要了解外部环境的各方面因素,必须要有效地分析外部环境。在当前我国商业银行的发展既存在机遇,又面临严峻挑战的形势下,我国商业银行只有抓住机遇,加快发展,以适应不断变化的外部环境,才能增强自身在金融市场上的竞争力,赢得持久竞争优势。