关于生态旅游的若干质疑

生态旅游是实现旅游业可持续发展的最佳选择。但到目前为止,生态旅游尚无明确的、公认的内涵,造成了生态旅游实践中的许多问题。在对国内外各种生态旅游的概念及内涵归纳总结的基础上,从生态旅游的对象、生态旅游者、生态旅游的属性、生态旅游与社区的关系等方面对现行的生态旅游内涵提出质疑,并进行深入分析。以期纠正生态旅游认识上的误区,并对生态旅游的实践有所启迪。     

论生态旅游——绿色休闲时尚的发展

全球人类面临着生存环境的危机,随着人们环境意识的觉醒,绿色运动及绿色消费席卷全球,生态旅游作为绿色旅游消费,一经提出便在全球引起巨大反响,生态旅游的概念迅速普及到全球。世界各国现在都大力倡导发展生态旅游,我国的生态旅游是主要依托于自然保护区、森林公园、风景名胜区等发展起来的。生态旅游属于绿色消费,但绝不能理解为消费绿色。生态旅游作为一种新的休闲时尚与传统山水旅游有着本质的区别。     

国外生态旅游细分市场分析

生态旅游是世界旅游市场最重要的组成部分。对近10年来国外报道的野生生物生态旅游、研究型生态旅游、土著文化生态旅游、基于大众旅游市场的生态旅游等主要生态旅游细分市场进行分析,目的是拓宽我国生态旅游市场开发的途径。     

大兴安岭地区生态旅游产业发展研究

当前大兴安岭地区在发展旅游经济中存在的问题,主要有产品结构不尽合理,旅游项目与周边地区同质化。旅游基础设施配备不够完善,旅游管理体系建设滞后等。政府应坚持高水平、高标准做好旅游产业体系规划;培育市场主体。开启资本市场发展道路;加快景区产业链建设;突出“12345”战略重点,实现低碳旅游;完善基础设施,提高综合配套水平;拓展营销市场,搞好宣传促销,不断开拓客源市场;强化行业管理,提升旅游产业整体素质。     

对生态旅游概念内涵的系统认识

生态旅游是目前迅速发展的旅游新产品,但在实际开发中存在许多问题.概念的混乱是问题产生的根源之一.因而有必要对生态旅游的概念内涵进行系统认识,以期促进我国生态旅游的健康发展.     

Ethics and Ambition

Derrick Bell is one of the US' most forthright and best-known commentators on race and ethics. Bell, now visiting professor at New York University's School of Law, attracted headlines when he became the first tenured African-American professor at Harvard Law School in 1971, only to leave in protest about the lack of African-American women on the faculty. He also resigned as dean of Oregon Law School after the school refused to hire a qualified Asian-American woman. His latest book, Ethical Ambition, applies his thinking on ethics to the world of business.     

Ethics and enterprise

This paper summarizes three major approaches to the problem of business ethics. Comparisons and contrasts are drawn between the moralistic approach of Berhman, the social contract theory of Nash, and a comprehensive systems approach as articulated by Elbing. In the final section, some attempt is made to indicate how these models may be implemented into managerial policy decision making process by the use of group work and ascending communication. Some consideration of using organizational structure to implement ethical concerns is indicated.Samuel M. Natale is Associate Professor Management at the College of Business Administration, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn. 06602.     

Ethics and Values

Book reviewed in this article:
Serageldin, Ismail and Martin-Brown, Joan (eds) Ethics and Values: A Global Perspective     

Ethics and entrepreneurship

As the study of entrepreneurship and the study of business ethics become increasingly established, the intersection of entrepreneurship and ethics is receiving increasing scholarly attention. In this paper, we review the research connecting ethics and entrepreneurship, classifying the literature into three broad themes; we also identify and integrate the key themes that emerge, and we offer suggestions for future research. We conclude by introducing the articles in this special issue.     

生态旅游商品的价格和营销策略探讨

生态旅游是一种旅游活动,这种活动在尽量不改变生态系统完整的同时,可以创造经济发展机会。通过分析生态旅游及其生态旅游商品的内涵、发展现状,阐述了影响生态旅游商品价格的因素与定价方法,最后提出了生态旅游商品的营销策略。     

The Separation of Technology and Ethics in Business Ethics

The purpose of this paper is to draw out and make explicit the assumptions made in the treatment of technology within business ethics. Drawing on the work of Freeman (1994, 2000) on the assumed separation between business and ethics, we propose a similar separation exists in the current analysis of technology and ethics. After first identifying and describing the separation thesis assumed in the analysis of technology, we will explore how this assumption manifests itself in the current literature. A different stream of analysis, that of science and technology studies (STS), provides a starting point in understanding the interconnectedness of technology and society. As we will demonstrate, business ethicists are uniquely positioned to analyze the relationship between business, technology, and society. The implications of a more complex and rich definition of ‘technology’ ripple through the analysis of business ethics. Finally, we propose a pragmatic approach to understanding technology and explore the implications of such an approach to technology. This new approach captures the broader understanding of technology advocated by those in STS and allows business ethicists to analyze a broader array of dilemmas and decisions.     

Embedding Ethics: Dialogic Partnerships and Communitarian Business Ethics

Although emotion has become one of the most popular research areas within organizational scholarship, few studies have considered its connection with unethical behavior. Using dual-process theory, we expand on the rationalist perspective within the field of behavioral ethics by considering the process through which two discrete emotions, anger and guilt, influence unethical behavior. Across two studies using different methodologies, we found that anger increases unethical behavior whereas guilt reduces unethical behavior. These effects were mediated by impulsive and deliberative processing. Overall, our results shed light on distinct mechanisms through which emotions can influence unethical behavior. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

河北省发展生态旅游的思考

河北省生态旅游资源丰富,开发也具一定规模,然而在发展生态旅游的过程中存在着理论落后于实践、民航瓶颈作用突出、资源盲目开发利用等一系列问题。为此,政府、生态旅游协会、社区、公众等各方需共同参与,抓住奥运契机,实现河北省生态旅游的可持续发展。     

黑龙江省农业生态旅游品牌建设研究

目前,黑龙江乡村生态旅游还存在着一些问题,其中最为突出的是知名度、品牌化程度不高,直接影响其作用的发挥。政府应从加强旅游基础设施的建设和改造,开发丰富的农业生产旅游产品,提高农业生态旅游接待的整体服务水平,充分利用与农产品相关的促销时机加大农业生态旅游宣传力度等诸多方面入手,着力打造黑龙江省农业生态旅游的品牌。大力推进农村生态旅游事业的发展。     

Business Ethics and Quantification: Towards an Ethics of Numbers

Journal of Business Ethics - Social practices of quantification, or the production and communication of numbers, have been recognized as important foundations of organizational knowledge, as well...     

Reexaminating Perceived Ethics Issues and Ethics Roles among Employment Managers

This paper reexamines the perceived ethical issues and roles of employment managers based on their responses to a recent "Ethical Issues in Human Resource Management Survey." This research addresses five major questions including: 1) Whether employment managers' perceptions of the factors influencing unethical behavior vary according to gender, job position, and company size, 2) What are the perceived frequency and seriousness of misconduct among HR functional areas, 3) Whether groups of employment managers (i.e., males and females) vary significantly in their perceptions of the seriousness of unethical events, 4) Whether gender and organizational level influence how often particular ethics roles are played, and 5) What particular roles are being played by employment managers as they respond to ethical dilemmas. The findings show that regardless of gender, position, or company size, employment managers' ethical behavior is influenced most by the behavior of senior managers and their immediate supervisors. In addition, the respondents believe that ethical misconduct occurs more often and is most serious in specialties such as employment, health, safety, and security, and compensation. Gender, industrial category, and company size have a significant impact on how serious unethical practices were perceived to be. Finally, seven of the eight ethics roles were matched with the ethical dilemmas submitted by the survey respondents.     

Ethics and services marketing

The area of services marketing is a highly crucial one for potential ethical violations. The services industry, which drives over two-thirds of our national economy, is about to experience severe changes due to increasing competition. The temptation to make ethical compromises will pose a dramatic threat to the business climate.We review conceptual approaches to the field of marketing ethics and conclude that existing models often lack an important component which affects ethical decision-making. That component includes the interorganizational variables: the primary task environment, including immediate customers and suppliers to the buyer and seller; the secondary task environment, comprised of suppliers and customers to the immediate suppliers and customers, competitors, and regulatory agencies, and the macro-environment, those broader forces which impinge on the activities in the primary and secondary task environments.We suggest various propositions for circumstances under which unethical behavior is likely to occur within the interorganizational domain. The overarching framework is that of service industries in an increasingly competitive environment.Dr. Ellen Kennedy and Dr. Leigh Lawton are associate professors in the Department of Marketing at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. They have published articles in theJournal of Business Ethics andIndustrial Marketing Management on the topics of using fiction to teach business ethics and workforce socialization.     

Ethics and management style

If a manager is evangelical, does it color the style he uses in his relationship with his subordinates? The paper sketches briefly the two familiar, historical ethical positions... the Protestant ethic and humanism and relates them to two styles of management. Then it points up the recent healthy growth of the evangelical movement, and the basic beliefs of evangelicals; then relates elements of these beliefs to the manager. A comparison of the three management ethics (Protestant, humanist, and evangelical) suggests some differences in the characteristics of managers who follow each ethic. There is increased evidence of the effect of the evangelical ethic in political, medical, and judicial life. Is it not logical to assume it is also affecting business and management?