Moving from Private to Public Ownership: Selling Out to Public Firms versus Initial Public Offerings

We study two alternative means to move assets from private to public ownership: through the acquisition of private companies by firms that are public (sellouts) or through initial public share offerings (IPOs). We consider firm-specific characteristics for 1,074 IPO and 735 sellout firms to identify differences in growth, capital constraints, and asymmetric information between the two types of transactions. Our results suggest that firms move to public ownership through an IPO when they have greater growth opportunities and face more capital constraints. We provide a better understanding of the firm-specific characteristics that lead firms to go public.     

Acquisitions: Private versus Public

Takeovers of privately held companies represent more than 80% of all takeovers. Despite their significance, studies of such takeovers and their impact on the wealth of shareholders are rare. Using a very large, near exhaustive, sample of listed and privately held UK targets we examine the impact of such takeovers on the risk adjusted return of listed UK acquirers over the period 1981 to 2001. Acquirers earn significant positive returns during the period surrounding the bid announcement although the gains are dependent on target status, mode of payment, and the relative size of those involved. The much quoted conclusion, derived from the experiences of listed firm bidders that the shareholders of acquiring firms fail to gain from takeovers, cannot be generalised. Acquiring a privately held company is an attractive option for maximising shareholder wealth.     

中国第一家公共征信机构——联合征信所的成立及运作

1945年3月,联合征信所在重庆正式成立.作为中国第一家公共征信机构,联合征信所在当时受到外部冲击而成立,主要为四联总处提供经济调查、核准贷款服务,为国家行局提供企业调查、保证人调查、专项问题调查等服务.联合征信所能获得各机构的信息,调查途径包括利用调查员调查,利用商会、同业公会调查,政府机关提供资料,银行提供资料等.联合征信所是非营利性组织,由国家行局提供经费.     

Expropriation through loan guarantees to related parties: Evidence from China

We identify and analyze a sample of publicly traded Chinese firms that issued loan guarantees to their related parties (usually the controlling block holders), thereby expropriating wealth from minority shareholders. Our results show that the issuance of related guarantees is less likely at smaller firms, at more profitable firms and at firms with higher growth prospects. We also find that the identity and ownership of block holders affect the likelihood of expropriation. In addition, we use this sample to provide new evidence on the relation between tunneling and proxies for firm value and financial performance. We find that Tobin’s Q, ROA and dividend yield are significantly lower, and that leverage is significantly higher, at firms that issued related guarantees.     

Revolving versus Convenience Use of Credit Cards: Evidence from U.S. Credit Bureau Data

Credit card payments and revolving debt are important for consumer theory but a key data source—credit bureau records—does not distinguish between current charges and revolving debt. We develop a theory-based econometric methodology using a hidden Markov model to estimate the likelihood a consumer is revolving debt each quarter. We validate our approach using a new survey linked to credit bureau data. We estimate that for likely revolvers: (i) 100% of an increase in credit becomes an increase in debt eventually; (ii) credit limit changes are half as salient as debt changes; and (iii) revolving status is persistent.     

Public Information and Coordination: Evidence from a Credit Registry Expansion

This paper provides evidence that lenders to a firm close to distress have incentives to coordinate: lower financing by one lender reduces firm creditworthiness and causes other lenders to reduce financing. To isolate the coordination channel from lenders' joint reaction to new information, we exploit a natural experiment that forced lenders to share negative private assessments about their borrowers. We show that lenders, while learning nothing new about the firm, reduce credit in anticipation of other lenders' reaction to the negative news about the firm. The results show that public information exacerbates lender coordination and increases the incidence of firm financial distress.     

贷款定价:从信用评级到经济资本

贷款定价是当今国际性银行全面风险管理理念的典型标志之一。本文以实地考察的美国美联银行(Wachovia Bank)为例,分析了其贷款定价的操作原理和基本理念,研究了内部信用评级、经济资本和贷款定价等相关内容。     

由信用创评到信贷交易——潍坊农信社信用创评路径与效应分析

当前以农村信用社为主体对农村信用资源开展的信用创评活动,可以有效降低信用交易主体的信息不对称状况,以标准化的信用信息记录和非正式约束机制实现对担保机构的替代,促进了农村信贷交易效率。     

面对转型，中国企业家如何判断

中国经济正在进入一个转型期,在这个时期,中国企业应该建立什么样的经营模式？关注哪些产业？如何在多变的环境中培养抵御风险的能力？如何实现企业的自我创新？对这些问题。企业家如何看？安永《2010年安永企业家观点白皮书》对此作了介绍     

Long guarantees with short duration: the rolling annuity

We present a new type of with-profits annuities which offer lifelong, yet hedgeable, guarantees. The rolling annuity gives a minimum lifelong guarantee at the time of contribution complemented with a series of guaranteed increases prior to retirement. Importantly, the initial guarantee and the subsequent increases are all set at prevailing market rates and hence are not known in advance. The structure of the guarantee implies that, prior to the last increase, the liability is equivalent to a zero-coupon bond maturing at the next increase and can therefore easily be hedged in the financial markets. Furthermore, the short duration implies that the financial and regulatory value will (essentially) coincide. We show financial fairness and we derive the reserve and thereby the hedging strategy. We also consider longevity risk, the duration profile, and report on a simulation study of the real value of the final payout.     

基于数据挖掘的商业银行对公信贷资产质量审计研究

根据商业银行信贷资产质量审计问题的特点,本文研究构建了商业银行信贷资产质量审计属性选择、决策树和支持向量机等数据挖掘算法体系。以A银行对公信贷实际数据为基础,运用定性的经济涵义和量化的属性选择算法,对其进行属性选择分析,并结合商业银行数据库中数据特点,完成数据预处理工作。对经过预处理后的数据集,进行关联规则和分类模式挖掘分析,通过在A商业银行的审计实践应用,识别出了一定金额影响该行资产质量的贷款记录,取得切实的审计成效。     

财政支出、银行信贷与经济增长——来自2008年汶川大地震的新因果证据

学术界就财政支出与银行信贷如何影响经济增长这一问题一直未能达成共识.本文将2008年汶川大地震作为研究窗口,在财政支出和银行信贷由于震后出台的行政命令与政策外生化的研究前提下,综合使用合成控制法(SCM)、系统广义矩估计(System GMM)、回归控制法(RCM)、交叉滞后模型(Cross-lagged Panel Model)等方法,检验了地震后财政支出、银行信贷和经济增长的具体变化以及相互作用方向.研究发现:尽管汶川地震后财政支出和银行信贷显著增加,促进了经济增长,但由于震后四川省的直接经济损失较大,最终四川省在短期内GDP明显减少.这一发现明确了财政支出、银行信贷以及经济增长之间的因果关系与作用方向:首先,在中国,财政支出与经济增长之间的因果关系符合“凯恩斯假设”,即财政支出的增加“因果性地”决定了GDP的增长.其次,增加银行信贷能够“因果性地”促进GDP增长.最后,财政支出增加促进了银行信贷的扩张,而非公共投资“挤出”了私人投资.     

公共信用信息平台应用模式研究:以上海为例

通过归纳公共信用信息平台的五个特点,结合上海公共信用信息平台的实践运作,从供给和需求两个维度,总结了监管、公共和市场服务三个领域的五个典型应用模式,即行政监管、政府补贴享受、福利人事政策、第三方征信机构服务、特定人群风险防控,并进一步探讨运行中普遍面临的转授权和市场化运营两大问题.     

农村信贷担保的公共物品属性和有效供给路径选择

完善的担保体系在许多国家被认为是经济发展和消除贫困的重要因素.为了解决农村的信贷担保问题,各地积极推动农村担保方式创新试点,本课题在总结农村担保创新经验的基础上,从公共物品这一新视角,对信贷担保进行分析,提出信贷担保制度设计和相关政策建议.     

The Thai Rural Credit System: Public Subsidies, Private Information, and Segmented Markets

Thailand has sought to increase farmers' access to credit bygovernment intervention. In 1966 it created a government agriculturalbank to lend solely to farm households, and beginning in thelate 1970s it required commercial banks to lend heavily in therural sector, either directly or by making deposits in the agriculturalbank. The result was an enormous expansion of credit in therural sector. But because formal lenders were either unableor unwilling to solve the information problems involved in thebroad range of rural credit transactions, the informal creditsector (which charged interest rates many times higher thanthe formal sector) continued to thrive. Using household surveysand surveys of moneylenders, this article provides a detailedanalysis of the ways in which lenders in the informal sectorhave solved the information problems of providing credit. Theauthors argue that the informal sector is competitive, and thathigh interest rates reflect high information costs, not thescarcity of funds.     

Liquidity Changes around Seasoned Equity Issuance: Public Offerings versus Private Placements

I investigate whether firms that issue equity, in public offerings or private placements, have improved on liquidity in the secondary market. Transaction costs, price impacts, and trading activity are examined. Results show that public offering stocks become considerably more liquid in all three dimensions. For private placement stocks, there is some evidence that trading volume increases, but effective spread and temporary price impact decline less than market‐wide changes. Furthermore, I study the behaviors of participants in the newly issued equity market. Analyses indicate that underwriters, analysts, and market makers all contribute to liquidity changes, but in different aspects.     

Private versus Public Ownership: Investment,Ownership Distribution,and Optimality

Examined in this paper is the choice between private and public incorporation of an asset for an entrepreneur (asset owner) who hires a manager with superior information about the asset's return distribution. Public sale of equity is shown to be the preferred alternative when (a) capital market issue costs are low or (b) the assest's idiosyncratic risk is high and the owner is either sufficiently risk averse or sufficiently “optimistic” about the asset's expected return. Thus, those assets deemed most valuable by their owners will tend to be publicly incorporated. The paper also explores the impact of incorporation mode—private versus public—and information structure on the firm's investment policy and ownership distribution.     

Public versus Private Ownership and Fund Manager Turnover

We examine the correlation between organizational structure (public vs. private) and managerial turnover in a large sample of United States offered mutual funds. Consistent with the hypothesis that publicly traded and privately held firms have different incentive structures and, as such, should differ in their treatment of internal control mechanisms, we find that public sponsors are more sensitive to prior fund performance when making replacement decisions and experience smaller post turnover performance improvements. Additional testing suggests a greater likelihood of fund manager replacement when mutual funds are team managed and when fund boards are more independent.