On the nature of credit demand and credit rationing in competitive credit markets

Conventional analyses of the credit rationing problem seek to explain that problem within the context of classic demand analysis. In this paper we demonstrate that it is generally inappropriate to apply the notion of classic demand to credit markets, consequently, conventional notions of credit rationing must be rejected. In providing a new definition of credit rationing we also establish the previously rejected characterized by credit rationing.     

Information externalities in the credit market and the spell of credit rationing

We present the first empirical study of loan searching strategies and loan granting decisions in a context where banks observe whether applicants have unsuccessfully applied for credit to other lenders in the past. Our identification strategy benefits from the use of granular data on loan applications and exploits the fact that evaluating lenders observe only the rejections received by a borrower up to six months before the current application. We document that past rejections diminish the probability of approval and increase the probability that a loan search is interrupted.     

Bank credit rationing and the customer relation

This paper investigates the theory that preference in situations of bank rationing is given to those customers with the strongest customer relation. It has shown that, within a certainty model where competitive pressure among banks requires full compensation for other bank relationships, neither deposit levels nor intertemporal demand would produce the preferential treatment claimed. It has also been shown that the prime borrowers would be unable to bargain effectively for credit line protection from such occasions of credit restriction.     

The typology of partial credit guarantee funds around the world

This paper presents data on 76 partial credit guarantee schemes across 46 developed and developing countries. Based on theory, we discuss different organizational features of credit guarantee schemes and their variation across countries. We focus on the respective role of government and private sector and different pricing and risk reduction tools and how they are correlated across countries. We find that government has an important role to play in funding and management, but less so in risk assessment and recovery. There is a surprisingly low use of risk-based pricing and limited use of risk management mechanisms.     

The impact of securitization on credit rationing: Empirical evidence

We study whether banks’ involvement into different types of securitization activity – asset backed securities (ABS) and covered bonds – in Spain influences credit supply before and during the financial crisis. While both ABS and covered bonds were hit by the crisis, the former were hit more severely. Employing a disequilibrium model to identify credit rationing, we find that firms with banks that were more involved in securitization see their credit constraints more relaxed in normal periods. In contrast, only greater covered bonds issuance reduces credit rationing during crisis periods whereas ABS aggravates these firms’ credit rationing in crisis periods. Our results are in line with the theoretical predictions that a securitization instrument that retains risk (covered bond) may induce a more prudent risk behavior of banks than an instrument that provides risk transferring (ABS).     

The behavior of consumer loan rates during the 1990 credit slowdown

This study re-examines the 1990 credit slowdown by investigating the loan pricing behavior of commercial banks. We find strong evidence that large, undercapitalized banks contributed to the credit slowdown by charging consumers a higher-than-average loan rate relative to better-capitalized institutions. This disparity in lending exists even after accounting for bank funding costs. Thus, we argue that there was a lending slowdown that occurred among large, undercapitalized banks. The reluctance to lend among undercapitalized banks is at least suggestive of behavior that is consistent with a credit crunch.     

Disequilibrium in the UK corporate loan market

In the last decade, a debate has resurfaced about whether financial constraints stemming from asymmetric information and incentive problems play an important role in propagating monetary policy shocks. This paper investigates the monetary transmission mechanism in the UK and its impact on the availability of bank credit to small and medium size firms.The empirical specification is based on a disequilibrium model that allows for the possibility of transitory credit rationing. Sample firms are classified endogenously into ‘borrowing constrained’ and ‘borrowing unconstrained’. The analysis of credit rationing takes into account not only firm specific variables, but also important macroeconomic factors such as the prevailing monetary conditions and the stage of the business cycle.We find that (i) firms’ assets play an important role as collateral in mitigating borrowing constraints; (ii) during periods of tight monetary conditions corporate demand for bank credit increases, whereas the supply of bank loans is reduced; (iii) to avoid bank credit rationing smaller companies increase their reliance on interfirm credit; (iv) the proportion of borrowing constrained firms is significantly higher during the recession years of the early 1990s than at other times.     

Finance and inequality: The distributional impacts of bank credit rationing

We analyze reductions in bank credit using a natural experiment where unprecedented flooding in Pakistan differentially affected banks that were more exposed to the floods. Using a unique data set that covers the universe of consumer loans in Pakistan and this exogenous shock to bank funding, we find two key results. First, following an increase in their funding costs, banks disproportionately reduce credit to borrowers with little education, little credit history, and seasonal occupations. Second, the credit reduction is not compensated by relatively more lending by less-affected banks. The empirical evidence suggests that a reduction in bank monitoring incentives caused the large relative decreases in lending to these borrowers.     

中国金融周期:基于信贷配给视角

本文首先基于我国企业层面的数据分析当前我国的信贷配给规则,其次通过理论和实证的方法厘清信贷配给规则与金融周期的内生机制,再次利用信贷配给规则划分我国金融周期,对当前周期进行分析,最后基于金融经济平稳运行的角度,提出完善信贷配给规则的对策建议。本文的主要研究结论如下:一是国有企业和大型企业等经济主体更容易获得银行贷款,反映出当前信贷配给规则的主要特征;二是当前配给规则会对银行不良贷款产生显著的负面影响效应;三是基于信贷配给规则的金融周期仍在相对高位运行,当前信贷配给规则还有深度调整的必要性。     

Default contagion and systemic risk in loan guarantee networks

This paper studies systemic risk in the Chinese debt market stemming from inter‐corporate loan guarantees using field data from Zhejiang Province. We apply a weighted and directed network model to analyse the implications for default contagion and systemic risk under different stress testing scenarios. The empirical results indicate that the topology of the loan guarantee network is close to a ‘scale‐free’ structure, which is known to be robust against accidental failures but vulnerable to coordinated attacks. Hence, the network is able to cope with idiosyncratic shocks resulting from single company failures, but can easily suffer from more widespread contagion if a group of systemically important companies are hit by a targeted shock. We further demonstrate that within our sample of small and medium‐sized enterprise (SME) companies, increasing leverage reduces network stability and exacerbates the effects of contagion. More lenient bank lending policies increase the survival rate of sample companies and thereby reduce the losses from default contagion.     

农村信用社贷款五级分类的软件开发设想

贷 款 五级 分 类 法 是 一套 对 银 行 信 贷质 量 进 行 评 价并 对 贷 款 机构 抵 御 信 贷 风 险 的 能 力 进 行 评 估 的 系 统 方法 。经过多年 的试点,中 国人民银行 于 2001年 12月 19日 下发了《中 国人民银行 关于全面 推行贷款 质量 五级分类 管理的通知 》,要求从     

Access to consumer credit in the UK

This paper investigates household access to consumer credit in the UK using information on 58,642 households between 2001 and 2009. Employing a treatment-effects model and propensity score matching, we find that non-white households are less likely to have financing compared to white households. We also find that even if they obtain financing, the intensity of borrowing is lower than for white households. Overall, non-white households seem to be in a weaker position to access consumer credit in the UK.     

On the determinants of credit rationing: Firm-level evidence from transition countries

Using survey data for firms from Eastern European transition economies we investigate the determinants of credit rationing. Our rationing definition incorporates firms whose loan application was rejected, but also ‘discouraged’ potential borrowers. We employ a bivariate probit with censoring, approach that accounts for the underlying selectivity since rationed firms are a subset of those without a loan. We include firm-specific attributes related to the alleviation of informational asymmetries, and therefore expected to affect credit rationing. We find that credit rationing depends on firm size, profitability, sales growth, ownership type, legal status, sectoral heterogeneity and the country-specific level of domestic credit.     

信贷配给论与商业银行资产负债管理理论的内在关系

两种重要的现代西方金融理论——信贷配给论和商业银行资产负债管理理论之间存在若干内在关系,两者产生于相同的经济背景,具有同样的经济研究模式,“逆向选择效应”实质上是两种理论的共同基点。通过对这些内在关系的分析可得到与金融发展相关的启示。     

对我国中小企业信用担保体系的一点思考

我国中小企业信用担保体系已经初步具备行业规模，它对我国中小企业的发展壮大也起到了积极作用。我们在分析现有中小企业信用担保体系在结构、经营和功能上三重制度性缺陷成因的基础上，提出保持该体系可持续发展的根本途径在于中小企业信用担保体系及其上下游环节两个层面上的制度创新。     

担保与信用险需联动发展

中国出口信用保险公司（以下简称中国信保）的担保,作为该公司的产品之一,与信用保险究竟有什么区别？国内外担保市场发展态势如何？中国信保担保业务的市场空间在哪里？与商业银行、担保机构相比有何市场竞争优势？担保对稳定中国信保的保险主业客户有什么积极作用？健康积极地开展担保业务应该采取什么样的经营管理体制？在目前条件下,做好担保业务要注意哪几个方面的重要问题？中国信保专家结合近几年担保业务的实际承保经验,对以上问题进行了初步的探讨     

信用卡消费分期付款业务贷款化核算探讨

信用卡消费分期付款业务以其申请方便、还款手续快捷等特点成为越来越多持卡人缓解暂时资金压力的优先选择。与此同时,该业务也成为银行业又一项重要的利润增长点。各商业银行在努力拓展市场、提升业务量的同时,也高度重视内部管理,竭力为该项业务的开展提供有效的后台保障。     

涉外信用卡担保常见法律风险探析

信用卡担保是指信用卡持卡人预订服务性消费时,无需预先支付预订费用,只需以信用卡内资金或信用额度提供担保,即可完成预订手续的一种消费交易方式.信用卡担保是一种预订方式,仅作为预订履行的担保,并非支付.     

The tax treatment of UK defined contribution pension schemes

The paper aims to clarify the tax status of pension schemes in the UK and, by using economic and other arguments, to establish a theoretical benchmark that could be considered the ‘appropriate’ tax regime for pension saving. We consider existing tax regimes for saving (such as the ‘ISA’ regime) and theoretical regimes (such as a pure expenditure tax and a comprehensive income tax) and we compare the costs different tax regimes impose on defined contribution pension schemes. We conclude that an expenditure tax is an appropriate benchmark tax regime for pension saving, and that other tax regimes impose additional financial as well as administrative costs.