On the nature of credit demand and credit rationing in competitive credit markets

Conventional analyses of the credit rationing problem seek to explain that problem within the context of classic demand analysis. In this paper we demonstrate that it is generally inappropriate to apply the notion of classic demand to credit markets, consequently, conventional notions of credit rationing must be rejected. In providing a new definition of credit rationing we also establish the previously rejected characterized by credit rationing.     

Bank credit rationing and the customer relation

This paper investigates the theory that preference in situations of bank rationing is given to those customers with the strongest customer relation. It has shown that, within a certainty model where competitive pressure among banks requires full compensation for other bank relationships, neither deposit levels nor intertemporal demand would produce the preferential treatment claimed. It has also been shown that the prime borrowers would be unable to bargain effectively for credit line protection from such occasions of credit restriction.     

The impact of securitization on credit rationing: Empirical evidence

We study whether banks’ involvement into different types of securitization activity – asset backed securities (ABS) and covered bonds – in Spain influences credit supply before and during the financial crisis. While both ABS and covered bonds were hit by the crisis, the former were hit more severely. Employing a disequilibrium model to identify credit rationing, we find that firms with banks that were more involved in securitization see their credit constraints more relaxed in normal periods. In contrast, only greater covered bonds issuance reduces credit rationing during crisis periods whereas ABS aggravates these firms’ credit rationing in crisis periods. Our results are in line with the theoretical predictions that a securitization instrument that retains risk (covered bond) may induce a more prudent risk behavior of banks than an instrument that provides risk transferring (ABS).     

The typology of partial credit guarantee funds around the world

This paper presents data on 76 partial credit guarantee schemes across 46 developed and developing countries. Based on theory, we discuss different organizational features of credit guarantee schemes and their variation across countries. We focus on the respective role of government and private sector and different pricing and risk reduction tools and how they are correlated across countries. We find that government has an important role to play in funding and management, but less so in risk assessment and recovery. There is a surprisingly low use of risk-based pricing and limited use of risk management mechanisms.     

农村信用社贷款五级分类的软件开发设想

贷 款 五级 分 类 法 是 一套 对 银 行 信 贷质 量 进 行 评 价并 对 贷 款 机构 抵 御 信 贷 风 险 的 能 力 进 行 评 估 的 系 统 方法 。经过多年 的试点,中 国人民银行 于 2001年 12月 19日 下发了《中 国人民银行 关于全面 推行贷款 质量 五级分类 管理的通知 》,要求从     

Access to consumer credit in the UK

This paper investigates household access to consumer credit in the UK using information on 58,642 households between 2001 and 2009. Employing a treatment-effects model and propensity score matching, we find that non-white households are less likely to have financing compared to white households. We also find that even if they obtain financing, the intensity of borrowing is lower than for white households. Overall, non-white households seem to be in a weaker position to access consumer credit in the UK.     

On the determinants of credit rationing: Firm-level evidence from transition countries

Using survey data for firms from Eastern European transition economies we investigate the determinants of credit rationing. Our rationing definition incorporates firms whose loan application was rejected, but also ‘discouraged’ potential borrowers. We employ a bivariate probit with censoring, approach that accounts for the underlying selectivity since rationed firms are a subset of those without a loan. We include firm-specific attributes related to the alleviation of informational asymmetries, and therefore expected to affect credit rationing. We find that credit rationing depends on firm size, profitability, sales growth, ownership type, legal status, sectoral heterogeneity and the country-specific level of domestic credit.     

对我国中小企业信用担保体系的一点思考

我国中小企业信用担保体系已经初步具备行业规模，它对我国中小企业的发展壮大也起到了积极作用。我们在分析现有中小企业信用担保体系在结构、经营和功能上三重制度性缺陷成因的基础上，提出保持该体系可持续发展的根本途径在于中小企业信用担保体系及其上下游环节两个层面上的制度创新。     

担保与信用险需联动发展

中国出口信用保险公司（以下简称中国信保）的担保,作为该公司的产品之一,与信用保险究竟有什么区别？国内外担保市场发展态势如何？中国信保担保业务的市场空间在哪里？与商业银行、担保机构相比有何市场竞争优势？担保对稳定中国信保的保险主业客户有什么积极作用？健康积极地开展担保业务应该采取什么样的经营管理体制？在目前条件下,做好担保业务要注意哪几个方面的重要问题？中国信保专家结合近几年担保业务的实际承保经验,对以上问题进行了初步的探讨     

信用卡消费分期付款业务贷款化核算探讨

信用卡消费分期付款业务以其申请方便、还款手续快捷等特点成为越来越多持卡人缓解暂时资金压力的优先选择。与此同时,该业务也成为银行业又一项重要的利润增长点。各商业银行在努力拓展市场、提升业务量的同时,也高度重视内部管理,竭力为该项业务的开展提供有效的后台保障。     

涉外信用卡担保常见法律风险探析

信用卡担保是指信用卡持卡人预订服务性消费时,无需预先支付预订费用,只需以信用卡内资金或信用额度提供担保,即可完成预订手续的一种消费交易方式.信用卡担保是一种预订方式,仅作为预订履行的担保,并非支付.     

The tax treatment of UK defined contribution pension schemes

The paper aims to clarify the tax status of pension schemes in the UK and, by using economic and other arguments, to establish a theoretical benchmark that could be considered the ‘appropriate’ tax regime for pension saving. We consider existing tax regimes for saving (such as the ‘ISA’ regime) and theoretical regimes (such as a pure expenditure tax and a comprehensive income tax) and we compare the costs different tax regimes impose on defined contribution pension schemes. We conclude that an expenditure tax is an appropriate benchmark tax regime for pension saving, and that other tax regimes impose additional financial as well as administrative costs.     

浅析保证保险在信用卡汽车分期付款业务中的运用

当前,进一步加强银保合作,充分运用保险的风险转移功能,促进商业银行信贷资产质量的提升,是商业银行重点探索的方向。业务实践中,部分商业银行与保险公司合作开展信用卡汽车分期保证保险业务,引入双重风控,进一步提升风险防范能力。保证保险的应用具有加强风险管控、降低信用风险、更符合监管要求和风险缓释能力更强等优势,因而越来越受到商业银行的重视和运用。本文在对保证保险及其优势进行具体分析的基础上,结合信用卡汽车分期付款业务(以下简称“汽车分期”)实际,提出了汽车分期保证保险实务操作及要点、合作方风险防范措施,以期对商业银行合理应用保证保险、加强风险管控有所帮助。     

The role of bankers in the U.S. syndicated loan market

I construct a novel dataset of individual bankers in the U.S. syndicated loan market to analyze the impact of bankers for the largest, most transparent borrowers. Bankers exhibit time-invariant preferences for specific loan characteristics, or styles. In addition, exploiting within-borrower variation in personal relationship strength from banker turnover, I find that stronger relationships lead to significantly lower interest rates. This effect is stronger if borrowers lack a credit rating or issue less frequent and shorter horizon management reports. Relationship loans are associated with fewer bankruptcies and fewer favorable modifications in renegotiations.     

The role of household and business credit in banking crises

Private credit expansions are an important predictor of subsequent banking crises. We revisit that result with a new dataset from developed and developing countries that decomposes private credit into household credit and enterprise credit. We argue that household credit growth raises debt levels without much effect on long-term income. Rapid household credit expansions generate vulnerabilities that can precipitate a banking crisis. Enterprise credit expansions can have the same effects but it is tempered by the associated increase in income. Our estimates show that household credit expansions have been a statistically and economically significant predictor of banking crises. Enterprise credit expansions are also associated with banking crises but their effect is weaker and less robust.     

中关村完善信用贷款及信用保险和贸易融资扶持政策

在广泛征求各方意见的基础上,中关村科技园区管委会会同人行营业管理部推出了中关村企业信用星级评定计划,同时对原有的中关村信用贷款及信用保险和贸易融资的扶持政策做了进一步的调整和完善。     

A darker side to decentralized banks: Market power and credit rationing in SME lending

We use loan-level data to study how the organizational structure of banks impacts small business lending. We find that decentralized banks—where branch managers have greater autonomy over lending decisions—give larger loans to small firms and those with “soft information.” However, decentralized banks are also more responsive to their own competitive environment. They are more likely to expand credit when faced with competition but also cherry pick customers and restrict credit when they have market power. This “darker side” to decentralized banks in concentrated markets highlights that the level of local banking competition is key to determining which organizational structure provides better lending terms for small businesses.     

The performance of insolvency prediction and credit risk models in the UK: A comparative study

Theoretically-driven, market-based contingent claims models have recently been applied to the field of corporate insolvency prediction in an attempt to provide the art with a theoretical methodology that has been lacking in the past. Limited studies have been carried out in order directly to compare the performance of these models with that of their accounting number-based counterparts. We use receiver operating characteristic curves to assess the efficacy of thirteen selected models using, for the first time, post-IFRS UK data; and investigate the distributional properties of model efficacy. We find that the efficacy of the models is generally less than that reported in the prior literature; but that the contingent claims models outperform models which use accounting numbers. We also obtain the counter-intuitive finding that predictions based on a single variable can be as efficient as those which are based on models which are far more complicated – in terms of variable variety and mathematical construction. Finally, we develop and test a naïve version of the down-and-out-call barrier option model for insolvency prediction and find that, despite its simple formulation, it performs favourably compared alongside other contingent claims models.     

论企业虚拟资产管理与银行信贷风险防范

虚拟资产是企业资产的特殊组成部分。从本质上说,虚拟资产并不是资产,而是企业已经发生的费用或损失,按照权责发生制和会计配比原则的要求,暂时作为资产进行核算的部分。由于会计人员的主观判断事实上影响到虚拟资产的界定,而且受益和分摊的期限也难以精确估算,因此,虚拟资产往往成为企业用以调节利润、粉饰会计报表的一种工具。为防范信贷风险,商业银行有关工作人员应对客户的虚拟资产进行认真的剖析。