我国人力资本投资与居民收入差距之间“循环累积因果”效应研究

特殊的国情,导致我国收入差距具有特殊的形成机理——"人力资本陷阱",即人力资本与收入差距之间具有明显的"循环累计因果效应"。一方面,人力资本状况通过影响居民的就业状况、劳动生产率以及非劳动收入,拉大人力资本状况不同居民之间的收入差距。另一方面,收入差距又会通过影响居民人力资本的投资行为、代际传递以及获得公共人力资本投资的能力等方面,加剧不同收入阶层之间人力资本状况的差距。这种人力资本与收入差距之间的"循环累积因果效应",决定解决我国收入差距问题必须长、短期政策相结合,短期措施是采取激励相容的福利政策,长期则要以改善低收入阶层的人力资本为主。     

收入差距、公共教育与人力资本投资

本文研究了政府通过公共财政来消除低收入群体在人力资本投资上的信贷约束,为社会提供一个机会公平的公共教育情形下,社会收入差距的动态演化路径,并考察了遗产动机和收入税率对收入差距的影响。我们的分析发现,公共教育虽然短期内在一定参数水平下会导致收入差距发散的可能性,但是在长期内却能保证收入差距的收敛。     

资源依赖、人力资本与城乡收入差距

将资源依赖、人力资本、城乡收入差距纳入一个统一的分析框架,利用中国2006—2017年的省际面板数据,对资源依赖、人力资本与城乡收入差距之间的关系进行实证检验。研究结果表明:资源依赖显著扩大了我国城乡收入差距。进一步研究发现:资源依赖通过人力资本这一中介变量间接扩大城乡收入差距,即人力资本发挥了重要的中介传导作用。因此,降低资源依赖程度、加强农村人力资本投资、不断缩小城乡人力资本差异是缓解我国城乡贫富差距的重要政策选择。     

论人力资本二元性对城乡收入差距的影响

我国城乡人力资本存在明显的二元性,具体表现为人力资本投资的二元性和人力资本收益的二元性。一方面,二元性的人力资本通过城乡居民收入来源、城乡产业边际贡献两个渠道来影响城乡收入差距,另一方面,二元性的人力资本对城乡收入差距存在着改善效应与恶化效应并存的现象。缩小我国城乡收入差距,应增加农村的人力资本投资,拓宽农村人力资本投资的渠道;推进城镇化和农村工业化,提高第二、第三产业在农村经济中的比重,以充分发挥农村人力资本的效率。     

技术进步、工资差距与人力资本形成

本文在劳动力异质的假设下通过建立一个二元经济模型分析发展中国家技术进步与收入差距的关系,结果显示技术进步主要通过直接和间接两种途径影响收入差距:其一,通过提高相应劳动力的劳动效率,提高其工资;其二,通过收入差距的扩大,吸引劳动力进行人力资本投资,从而劳动效率的提高,影响其收入.并得也结论,不同类型的技术进步对收入差距的影响存在较大差异,而这种差异在某种程度上影响人力资本投资,因此,在城乡转化的过程中,要缩小收入差距必须选择适当的技术进步,而且还要结合长期经济发展注意保持相应的收入差别.     

中国式财政分权的收入分配效应研究——以政府人力资本投资为例

人力资本是影响收入分配的重要因素。政府人力资本投资可以发挥对低收入群体人力资本投资不足的重要补充作用,从而提高劳动要素的人力资本水平和劳动生产率,进而提高劳动者和居民部门的收入水平。由于中国式财政分权特有的激励结构和制度不健全,导致地方政府人力资本支出长期不足,且呈现结构不均等,严重制约了低收入群体人力资本水平,进一步拉大了不同收入群体之间的收入差距,财政分权横向监督机制的缺失无疑成为这种收入差距的强化机制。改革的措施应从事权上划、优化分权激励结构和健全财政分权制度基础与监督制约机制着手,从根本上确保政府支出的公共性和公平性。     

人力资本投资、收入差距与养老金制度改革

笔者利用封闭经济下的二期OLG模型,考察了在人力资本投资和资本一技术互补条件下,中国养老金制度改革后对收入差距的影响.理论模型表明,基金制份额的提高增加了物质资本和人力资本,拉大了中国的收入差距;实证亦证实了混合制是拉大中国收入差距的单向格兰杰原因.     

共同富裕目标下缩小收入差距的路径探索、现实挑战与对策建议

实现共同富裕是收入分配制度改革的重要目标和努力方向。本文系统梳理中华人民共和国成立以来我国在处理公平与效率关系过程中收入分配制度改革的路径探索,然后重点考察现阶段缩小收入差距面临的宏观分配结构不协调、橄榄型收入结构尚未形成、群体间收入差距居高不下、机会不平等程度较大以及人力资本差距导致的收入差距长期性五大现实挑战。最后提出通过完善收入分配制度、提高低收入人群收入、健全社会保障制度、推进城乡基本公共服务均等化以及加大人力资本投资的政策来逐一应对挑战,最终实现共同富裕。     

中国教育发展对劳动收入差距的影响

近十多年来,我国本科及以上教育水平家庭收入与其他教育水平家庭收入之间的差距绝对额在不断拉大,因此,劳动力市场上由教育水平差距产生的收入差距是客观存在的,是否拥有大学学历会产生显著的劳动收入差异.源于教育水平差异的工资收入差距问题的复杂性在于教育水平和生产率的关联性.在劳动力市场上,较高的教育投资回报率会引导个体提高人力资本投资水平,较高的教育水平与较高的生产率水平相联系.我国当前应采取相关政策投资教育、促进教育发展、增加劳动市场上高学历劳动者的数量、降低高学历劳动者的供求均衡价格,这样才会不断缩小来源于教育水平差异的收入差距.     

人力资本投资与城镇居民收入差距关系分析

本文根据我国城镇居民收入差距扩大的现状,从人力资本的角度出发;结合历年有关数据,对人力资本投资与城镇居民收入差距的关系进行理论和实证的分析,从而得出结论.     

Taxation of International Private Capital Flows and Securities Transactions in Developing Countries: Do Public Finance Considerations Augment the Macroeconomic Dividends?

This paper examines policies to tax international private capital flows and securities transactions in developing countries. Many recent studies focus on the macroeconomic dividends associated with these policies (namely, their contribution to macroeconomic and financial stability and lengthened investor time horizons). In this paper I explore whether the potential of these policies to raise much‐needed tax revenues in developing countries augments their well‐known macroeconomic benefits. To my knowledge, there has been no effort to examine systematically the public finance issues related to the taxation of international private capital flows or securities transactions in the developing country context. I conclude that the public finance implications of these policies in middle‐income developing countries offers additional support to the macroeconomic case for them. To different degrees, taxation of international private capital flows and securities transactions has the potential to raise modest revenues in middle‐income countries. However, far more important is the potential of these policies to offer valuable macroeconomic dividends on the national level. These national macroeconomic dividends have the potential to bear fruit globally. This is because experiences with financial contagion over the last decade suggest that global financial stability can be enhanced via the promotion of domestic financial stability in developing countries.     

"人以群分":非市场互动和群分效应的文献评论

由于存在着非市场的互动,市场的均衡结果是人们按不同的收入和社会地位而分层,从而出现"群分效应",在现实中又突出地表现为居住区的分割,这对于低收入阶层的收入、人力资本积累和公共品消费有着显著的负面影响。政府应在开展实证研究的基础上,有针对性地采取一些经济和社会政策减少群分效应和居住区分割的负面影响,促进经济发展和社会和谐。     

Multistage public education,voting, and income distribution

This paper proposes a theory to study the formulation of education policies and human capital accumulation. The government collects income taxes and allocates tax revenue to primary and higher education. The tax rate and the allocation rule are both endogenously determined through majority voting. The tax rate is kept at a low level, and public funding for higher education is not supported unless the majority of individuals have human capital above some threshold. Although public support for higher education promotes aggregate human capital accumulation, it may create long-run income inequality because the poor are excluded from higher education.     

Should Education be Publicly Provided?

This study suggests that a subsidy in the form of public provision has the potential to be the most efficient educational policy because it stimulates investment in human capital, which would otherwise be inefficiently low because of distortionary income taxation and possible external benefits. Moreover, it can potentially do this without grossly distorting the mix of investments in human capital. Other policies do not have the potential to achieve both these ends without introducing additional, perhaps overwhelming, problems. Thus public provision of education appears to provide incentives for human capital accumulation which are more efficient than any other feasible policy.     

我国区域金融发展差异的比较

通过运用金融相关比率、金融机构信贷比率、金融市场发展指标对我国东、中、西部的金融发展水平进行比较分析,得出以下结论东中西部的金融发展水平不仅表现出绝对差异,而且相对差异较大,中、西部地区落后于东部地区,且在信贷资金运用效率上中部劣势尤为突出。回归分析也证明了金融发展对我国区域经济增长有重要影响。因此,制定合理的金融政策有利于区域金融与经济协调发展。     

Income inequality,unemployment, and poverty in Nigeria: a vector autoregressive approach

The main features of poverty are low levels of consumption and income, a fact‐of‐life in most African countries. This paper analyzes the fundamental trends of per capita income, government capital expenditure, the human development index, and the rate of unemployment in the Nigeria. A vector autoregressive model finds that: A reduced unemployment rate improves human development and consequently reduces poverty. As growth in public capital expenditure rises, unemployment falls and the human development index improves. Therefore, infrastructure‐based policies, which initially reduce unemployment, will also improve the living conditions of Nigerians in the end.     

“人以群分”非市场互动和群分效应的文献评论

由于存在着非市场的互动，市场的均衡结果是人们按不同的收入和社会地位而分层，从而出现“群分效应”，在现实中又突出地表现为居住区的分割，这对于低收入阶层的收入、人力资本积累和公共品消费有着显著的负面影响。政府应在开展实证研究的基础上，有针对性地采取一些经济和社会政策减少群分效应和居住区分割的负面影响，促进经济发展和社会和谐。     

HOUSEHOLD AND ENTERPRISE SAVING AND CAPITAL FORMATION IN THE UNITED STATES: A MARKET TRANSACTIONS VIEW

Contrary to conventional macro theory, it is not the consumption function in terms of either the permanent income or the life-cycle theory of saving that has furnished the saving for enterprise capital formation in the United States. Household sector accounts indicate that household gross saving, correctly measured, did not exceed household gross capital formation in the United States over the period since 1947. Furthermore, historical data on enterprise saving and capital formation in the United States, and cross-section tax return data of U.S. corporations indicate that the gross saving for many enterprise sectors has been equal to or greater than their gross capital formation. There are exceptions, however: these same sources indicate that public utilities have borrowed substantially to finance their capital formation. Finally, it is argued that employer pension and insurance reserves held by financial institutions for future benefit payments represent retained income of a nature similar to undistributed profits, and that these constitute a source of saving in the economy.     

Post‐secondary attendance by parental income in the U.S. and Canada: Do financial aid policies explain the differences?

We examine the extent to which tuition and needs‐based aid policies explain important differences in the relationship between family income and post‐secondary attendance relationships between Canada and the U.S. Using data from recent cohorts, we estimate substantially smaller attendance gaps by parental income in Canada relative to the U.S., even after controlling for family background, cognitive achievement, and local‐residence fixed effects. We next document that U.S. public tuition and financial aid policies are actually more generous to low‐income youth than are Canadian policies. Equalizing these policies across Canada and the U.S. would likely lead to a greater difference in income‐attendance gradients.     

COSTLY INTERMEDIATION AND THE POVERTY OF NATIONS*

This article has two goals: (i) to reduce the 7‐fold productivity differential required to explain the observed 33‐fold income difference between the richest and poorest countries of the world; and (ii) to explain cross‐country differences in the capital‐output ratio. To achieve the first goal we modify the production function of the standard neoclassical growth model to include public capital whose provision is subject to intermediation costs. For the second goal we distort private investment by introducing credit frictions. The model, quantified using cross‐country data, generates an income gap of 33 with productivity differences of only 3 under the measured variations in public and private capital. The required productivity gap declines even further, to 2.1, when we introduce a home‐production sector. On the second goal, however, credit frictions do a poor job of explaining cross‐country variations in the capital‐output ratio.