东亚货币稳定性以及央行干预手段有效性的研究

本文通过ARMA(m,n)-GARCH(p,q)模型,EGARCH模型和GARCH-M模型对东亚五国货币的波动性进行比较分析。研究发现,日元,韩元和林吉特对外界金融冲击的抵抗能力较弱,日元和林吉特存在风险溢价效应。人民币和新加坡元的整体波动性较低,新加坡元汇率长期来看都是相当稳定,并且模型不存在风险溢价和杠杆效应,而人民币汇率收益率存在较强的杠杆效应。中国央行的干预政策能够有效较低货币汇率的波动性,而日本和马来西亚央行的干预政策提升了货币汇率的波动性。     

汇率形成机制改革下的银行汇率风险度量——基于TARCH模型的实证研究

自人民币汇率形成机制改革以来,人民币汇率的波动幅度显著增加,由汇率波动带来的非预期损失成为汇率风险的重要部分.本文引入TARCH模型来度量汇率波动性并用于计量汇率风险VaR.实证分析显示:TARCH模型能有效反映美元、欧元和日元汇率时间序列的波动聚集效应,特别是杠杆效应项充分揭示了三项外汇杠杆效应的差异;基于TARCH模型计量的汇率风险VaR也能有效覆盖美元、欧元和日元的下端风险,因此TARCH-VaR方法是度量汇率风险的科学工具.     

基于向量乘积误差模型的中日韩汇率波动溢出效应研究

本文运用向量乘积误差模型(VMEM)研究了中国、日本与韩国实际有效汇率的波动溢出效应。实证分析结果表明,中国和日本的实际有效汇率波动既受自身过去波动、收益率的影响,也存在显著的杠杆效应;韩国实际有效汇率波动受前期波动与收益率的影响,但是不具有显著的杠杆效应。中国与日本、日本与韩国的汇率市场之间存在着双向的波动溢出效应。这与现实情况是相符的。     

新常态背景下汇率市场化改革与汇率波动性研究

基于中国与世界经济联系日益密切和汇率波动幅度不断加大的背景,本文分析了新常态条件下人民币汇率波动的典型化事实,基于TGARCH、杠杆SV、Granger因果关系检验、BVAR模型实证检验了人民币汇率的波动性特征,利用Markov机制转化模型做了进一步的实证检验,并基于经济新常态进行了人民币汇率波动性分析。结论如下:第一,人民币市场化和国际化加大了汇率波动幅度,人民币汇率将由过去的单向升值波动转变为双向波动。第二,杠杆SV模型优于TGARCH模型,T分布优于N分布,无论对于美元对人民币汇率,还是人民币汇率有效指数,最适用于测度波动项的模型都是杠杆SV-T模型。第三,人民币汇率的波动具有较强的持续性,人民币升值,波动性会加大。第四,金融强国必须汇率市场化和国际化,经济新常态需要金融创新来形成新的驱动因素,增强中国在国际金融市场的规则制定权和话语权。     

基于非对称随机波动模型的人民币汇率波动特征研究

本文使用非对称随机波动模型,对2005年7月22日至2012年9月5日期间美元兑人民币汇率的波动特征进行了实证分析。模型拟合检验结论显示,非对称随机波动模型能够很好地拟合美元兑人民币汇率波动过程中存在的时变性、持续性和非对称性特征。来自MCMC估计结果进一步表明:美元兑人民币汇率波动过程存在的非对称特征不同于在股票市场普遍发现的"放大利空,缩小利好"型的"杠杆效应",而是突出表现为"放大利好,缩小利空"。但波动的非对称效应和强度较弱,这意味着央行在采取措施干预和管理汇率波动时,在时机选择和力度把握上不仅要充分考虑到人民币汇率波动的时变性和持续性特征,而且更应注意汇率波动的非对称性及非对称类型。     

基于上证综指的GARCH族模型实证分析

以1997年1月11日至2009年11月27日的上证综合指数的日度收盘数据为样本,运用GARCH族模型对其进行实证分析,检验了在这一段时间内我国股票市场的波动情况以及波动的杠杆效应,分析结果表明了上证指数对数收益率服从非正态分布,具有尖峰厚尾和明显的ARCH效应,并且股票的收益率具有明显的风险溢价和杠杆效应。     

基于EGARCH模型人民币汇率波动的实证研究

"8.11"汇改后,人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元,而是选择若干种主要货币,这种变化对人民币汇率的波动有着较大影响,本文建立EGARCH(1,1)模型,对汇改后人民币收益率序列进行拟合检验,得出收益率序列仍然有集聚波动性、尖峰厚尾的特点,还存在杠杆效应,最后对央行以及规避利率市场化所面临的汇率风险提出建议。     

中小企业板市场波动性研究——基于ARMA-EGARCH-M模型的实证分析

本文以中小企业板指数收益率为研究对象,利用ARMA-EGARCH-M模型分析市场波动性.结果表明中小企业板指数收益率具有“尖峰厚尾”特征,存在明显的GARCH效应,历史信息波动对当期股价具有持久影响.中小企业板市场不存在明显的杠杆效应,但存在正的风险溢价.     

中美股市波动特征比较研究:基于ARCH类模型的实证分析

本文利用ARCH类模型对沪深300指数和道琼斯工业指数2005年4月8日到2010年3月22日的指数数据进行实证检验,研究表明:第一,中美股票市场都存在明显的集聚效应;第二,中美股票市场都存在明显的风险溢价效应,美国股市的风险补偿高于中国股市;第三,美国股票市场有明显的杠杆效应,然而中国股市杠杆效应不如美国明显;第四,美国股票市场对中国股票市场存在较为显著的单向溢出效应。     

我国中小板和创业板市场流动性溢价效应检验与比较研究

基于我国中小板和创业板市场的股票日交易数据,通过CAPM模型检验,发现在两个市场上存在市场风险溢价以外的市场异象,但是在加入流动性因子的LCAPM模型中无法有效地测度两个市场上的流动性风险补偿溢价。因此,构造了A-LCAPM模型,检验结果表明该模型能够对两个市场的异象做出解释,我国中小板市场股票存在较显著的流动性溢价效应,但是在创业板市场中不能被证实流动性溢价效应的存在。     

Is unlevered firm volatility asymmetric?

Asymmetric volatility refers to the stylized fact that stock volatility is negatively correlated to stock returns. Traditionally, this phenomenon has been explained by the financial leverage effect. This explanation has recently been challenged in favor of a risk premium based explanation. We develop a new, unlevering approach to document how well financial leverage, rather than size, beta, book-to-market, or operating leverage, explains volatility asymmetry on a firm-by-firm basis. Our results reveal that, at the firm level, financial leverage explains much of the volatility asymmetry. This result is robust to different unlevering methodologies, samples, and measurement intervals. However, we find that financial leverage does not explain index-level volatility asymmetry. We show that this difference between index-level asymmetry and firm-level asymmetry is driven by the asymmetry of the unlevered covariance component of index volatility.     

Managerial incentives and risk-taking

We provide empirical evidence of a strong causal relation between managerial compensation and investment policy, debt policy, and firm risk. Controlling for CEO pay-performance sensitivity (delta) and the feedback effects of firm policy and risk on the managerial compensation scheme, we find that higher sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock volatility (vega) implements riskier policy choices, including relatively more investment in R&D, less investment in PPE, more focus, and higher leverage. We also find that riskier policy choices generally lead to compensation structures with higher vega and lower delta. Stock-return volatility has a positive effect on both vega and delta.     

Taxes, Leverage, and the Cost of Equity Capital

We examine the associations among leverage, corporate and investor level taxes, and the firm's implied cost of equity capital. Expanding on Modigliani and Miller [1958, 1963] , the cost of equity capital can be expressed as a function of leverage and corporate and investor level taxes. Based on this expression, we predict that the cost of equity is increasing in leverage, and that corporate taxes mitigate this leverage‐related risk premium, while the personal tax disadvantage of debt increases this premium. We empirically test these predictions using implied cost of equity estimates and proxies for the firm's corporate tax rate and the personal tax disadvantage of debt. Our results suggest that the equity risk premium associated with leverage is decreasing in the corporate tax benefit from debt. We find some evidence that the equity risk premium from leverage is increasing in the personal tax penalty associated with debt.     

The Bankruptcy Cost of the Life Insurance Industry Under Regulatory Forbearance

Abstract

In this study the Taiwan Insurance Guaranty Fund (TIGF) is introduced to investigate the ex ante assessment insurance guaranty scheme. We study the bankruptcy cost when a financially troubled life insurer is taken over by TIGF. The pricing formula of the fair premium of TIGF incorporating the regulatory forbearance is derived. The embedded Parisian option due to regulatory forbearance on fair premiums is investigated. The numerical results show that leverage ratio, asset volatility, grace period, and intervention criterion influence the default costs. Asset volatility has a significant effect on the default option, while leverage ratio is shown to aggravate the negative influence from the volatility of risky asset. Furthermore, the numerical analysis concludes that the premium for the insurance guaranty fund is risk sensitive and that a risk-based premium scheme could be implemented, hence, to ease the moral hazard.     

Betting against correlation: Testing theories of the low-risk effect

We test whether the low-risk effect is driven by leverage constraints and, thus, risk should be measured using beta versus behavioral effects and, thus, risk should be measured by idiosyncratic risk. Beta depends on volatility and correlation, with only volatility related to idiosyncratic risk. We introduce a new betting against correlation (BAC) factor that is particularly suited to differentiate between leverage constraints and behavioral explanations. BAC produces strong performance in the US and internationally, supporting leverage constraint theories. Similarly, we construct the new factor SMAX to isolate lottery demand, which also produces positive returns. Consistent with both leverage and lottery theories contributing to the low-risk effect, we find that BAC is related to margin debt while idiosyncratic risk factors are related to sentiment.     

A Model of Monetary Policy and Risk Premia

We develop a dynamic asset pricing model in which monetary policy affects the risk premium component of the cost of capital. Risk‐tolerant agents (banks) borrow from risk‐averse agents (i.e., take deposits) to fund levered investments. Leverage exposes banks to funding risk, which they insure by holding liquidity buffers. By changing the nominal rate the central bank influences the liquidity premium, and hence the cost of taking leverage. Lower nominal rates make liquidity cheaper and raise leverage, resulting in lower risk premia and higher asset prices, volatility, investment, and growth. We analyze forward guidance, a “Greenspan put,” and the yield curve.     

Confidence building on Euro convergence: Evidence from currency options

We study the evolution of investor confidence in 1992-1998 over the chance of individual currencies to converge to the Euro, using data on currency option prices. Convergence risk, which may reflect uncertainty over policy commitment as well as exogenous fundamentals, induces a level of implied volatility in excess of actual volatility. This volatility wedge should gradually decrease as confidence grows over time as convergence policy is maintained, and the risk of a reversal is progressively resolved. Empirically, we indeed find a positive volatility wedge which declines over time only for currencies involved in the Euro convergence process. The wedge and other convergence risk measures are correlated with both exogenous fundamentals and proxies for policy commitment uncertainty. We also find that the wedge responds to policy shocks in an asymmetric fashion, suggesting that policy risk is resolved at different rates after negative and positive shocks. Finally, we estimate a regime-switching model of convergence uncertainty, using data on interest rates, currency rates, and currency option prices. The results confirm the time-varying and asymmetric nature of convergence risk, and indicate that investors demand a risk premium for convergence risk.     

Growth uncertainty,generalized disappointment aversion and production-based asset pricing

We study a production economy with regime switching in the conditional mean and volatility of productivity growth. The representative agent has generalized disappointment aversion (GDA) preferences. We show that volatility risk in productivity growth carries a positive and sizable risk premium in levered equity. Our model can endogenously generate long-run risks in the volatility of consumption growth observed in the data. We show that introducing leverage with a procyclical dividend process consistent with the data is critical for the GDA preferences to have a large impact on equity returns.     

Can hedging tell the full story? Reconciling differences in United States aggregate- and industry-level exchange rate risk premium

While the importance of currency movements to industry competitiveness is theoretically well established, there is little evidence that currency risk impacts US industries. Applying a conditional asset pricing model to 36 US industries, we find that all industries have a significant currency premium that adds about 2.47 percentage points to the cost of equity and accounts for approximately 11.7% of total risk premium in absolute value. Cross-industry variation in the currency premium is explained by foreign income, industry competitiveness, leverage, liquidity, and other industry characteristics, while its time variation is explained by US aggregate foreign trade, monetary policy, growth opportunities, and other macro variables. The results indicate that methodological weakness, not hedging, explains the insignificant industry currency risk premium found in previous work, thus resolving the puzzle that currency risk premium is important at the aggregate stock market level, but not at the industry level.     

Credit default swap spreads and variance risk premia

We find that the firm-level variance risk premium has a prominent explanatory power for credit spreads in the presence of market- and firm-level control variables established in the existing literature. Such predictability complements that of the leading state variable—the leverage ratio—and strengthens significantly with a lower firm credit rating, longer credit contract maturity, and model-free implied variance. We provide further evidence that (1) the variance risk premium has a cleaner systematic component than implied variance or expected variance, (2) the cross-section of firms’ variance risk premia capture systematic variance risk in a stronger way than firms’ equity returns in capturing market return risk, and (3) a structural model with stochastic volatility can reproduce the predictability pattern of variance risk premia for credit spreads.