总供给冲击、总需求冲击与我国经济波动关系的实证研究

本文利用1994年1季度至2012年2季度产出和价格的数据,建立了基于长期约束的SVAR模型,用分析总供给冲击和总需求冲击对我国经济波动的影响,考察经济增长和价格对总供给冲击和总需求冲击的动态响应。实证研究表明,总供给冲击和总需求冲击标准差均较大,而且总需求冲击波动性要大于总供给冲击的波动性,说明我国经济在样本数据期内存在波动性。脉冲响应分析发现,总供给冲击对于产出具有正向长期趋势,而总需求冲击对于产出具有正向短期影响;对于价格而言,总供给冲击对价格产生负向长期影响,总需求冲击对价格产生正向长期影响。2011年以来我国经济增速持续放缓,主要在于供求冲击为负,供给负冲击更为显著。     

银行贷款、可支配收入与房地产价格波动:1999—2010——基于协整检验和VEC模型的实证分析

通过协整和VEC模型的经验分析发现:我国房地产价格的贷款弹性为正,银行贷款的顺周期效应明显,房地产价格的上涨推动了银行贷款增加;房地产价格的利率弹性为正,资金价格的变动导致成本约束效应相对有限;在短期,人均收入和利率对房地产价格的贡献更为显著。长期来看,政府面对房地产价格的波动会做出适当的反向调整。房地产价格在受到银行信贷正向冲击后,房地产价格出现递增趋势,银行信贷对房地产价格具有2个月的时滞效应。     

资产价格、经济杠杆与价格传递——基于国际PVAR模型的实证研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文基于拓展的三部门货币数量模型,以房地产为代表分析了资产在货币政策价格传递中的作用,并构建PVAR模型,采用系统GMM方法进行估计。发现货币供给对房价和经济杠杆有明显的正向冲击作用,但是对物价作用不显著;房价自身具有惯性,对经济杠杆、物价有正向的冲击,并且房价对自身和经济杠杆的冲击大于对物价的冲击;相比经济杠杆率低的国家,经济杠杆率高的国家房价对物价的影响较小,对经济杠杆的影响却大很多;在实体经济领域,价格由消费领域传递到生产领域,经济杠杆率低的国家表现出反馈作用,但在经济杠杆率高的国家这种反馈不显著。建议在实施货币政策时考虑资产价格和经济杠杆的影响,并建立逆周期监管机制。     

总供给、总需求冲击与我国经济波动的关系——基于SVAR模型的实证研究

依据1994年第1季度至2012年第2季度产出和价格的季度数据,建立基于长期约束的SVAR模型,用以分析总供给冲击和总需求冲击对我国经济波动的影响,考察经济增长和价格对总供给、总需求冲击的动态响应。实证研究表明,总供给冲击和总需求冲击标准差均较大,而且总需求冲击波动性要大于总供给冲击的波动性,说明我国经济在样本数据期内存在波动性。脉冲响应分析发现,总供给冲击对于产出具有正向长期影响,而总需求冲击对于产出具有正向短期影响;对于价格而言,总供给冲击对价格产生负向长期影响,而总需求冲击对价格产生正向长期影响。2011年以来我国经济增速持续放缓,主要在于供求冲击为负,供给负冲击更为显著。     

房地产价格与货币政策传导机制研究

本文利用向量自回归模型对我国房地产价格与货币政策传导机制进行了系统的综合性分析。通过研究我们得出,代表数量机制的货币供应量和代表价格机制的实际利率都对房地产价格产生正向影响;而对于房地产价格的冲击,总产出始终表现为负向的响应。文章的最后总结全文并给出了相应的政策建议。     

资产价格泡沫与我国货币政策传导效应的非对称性研究

本文通过构造含有资产价格泡沫的经济系统,使用结构向量自回归模型与脉冲响应函数分析了我国货币政策对资产泡沫的影响和资产价格泡沫与其它变量之间的关系。结果表明,我国货币政策的资产价格传导渠道效应显著存在,但货币政策的资产价格效应对于不同资产类型具有非对称性,货币政策对股票市场的影响要远远大于对房地产市场的影响;资产价格泡沫的正向冲击对通货膨胀呈现出倒U型影响,并且不同资产类型对通货膨胀具有非对称性,股票市场对通货膨胀的影响要远远大于房地产市场;资产价格泡沫对产出具有正向效应,但不同资产价格类型对于产出冲击也存在非对称性,股票资产价格对产出的影响要小于房地产对产出的影响。     

我国住房信贷首付约束的差别化调控

解决房地产过度信贷和房价泡沫,出路在于实现风险和收益的合理配置,平衡银行和借款人的风险收益。本文从最优合约的风险转移理论和Allen-Gale资产价格模型出发,结合我国不同城市房价上涨幅度和房价收入比等数据,分析首付比例对不同城市或区域的房价上涨的影响状况。在此基础上,借鉴央行已有差别化调控的操作实践,建议央行在不同城市或区域实行差别化的住房信贷首付比例约束,以提高宏观调控的有效性并降低金融风险。     

中国房地产市场价格泡沫与空间传染效应

本文使用对数周期性幂律(Log Period Power Law, LPPL)模型对房地产市场价格泡沫进行测度,运用空间计量模型对我国房地产市场价格泡沫和空间传染效应进行研究。LPPL模型认为由价格泡沫产生并最终破裂的金融市场与地震系统具有很多相似之处,即金融资产的价格呈周期性变化规律,价格持续上涨到临界状态直至反转。本文采用2010年6月至2017年11月间我国100个城市的房地产市场数据对各城市房地产价格泡沫进行测度和物理/经济空间传染效应研究。研究发现,LPPL模型能够对我国100个城市房地产价格泡沫进行甄别且主要存在两种泡沫状态:正向泡沫(房价持续上升)和反转泡沫(房价整体下降却存在反转点)。各个城市(地区)房地产价格具有较强的空间传染性;存在正向泡沫区域的空间传染性相较反转泡沫区域更为明显,在考虑经济空间测度而不是物理空间测度的情况下,各城市间的空间传染性更强。与现有文献不同,我们发现反转泡沫区域的新房价格指数特别是二手房价格指数的上升对周边城市的房地产价格指数存在强烈的正向推高影响。最后,本文发现城市的房地产调控政策在一定程度上抑制了房价传统影响(比如信贷、新房、二手房价等)因素的推高影响,但各城市房地产价格之间的联动变化特征应该引起监管部门的注意。     

房地产价格波动对货币政策传导的作用研究

利用1999～2006年的季度数据,运用SVAR模型对我国房地产价格波动在货币政策传导中的作用进行的分析表明,我国房地产价格的财富效应较弱,给定房地产价格1%的正向冲击,消费只上升0.002%,投资效应较强,投资上升0.1%.房地产价格波动在货币政策传导中的作用比较明显,在货币政策对消费和投资的影响中的贡献分别为10%和6.7%.     

热钱对房地产价格的影响——基于京、沪、穗、深圳数据的实证研究

2005年7月汇改以来人民币的升值预期吸引了大量热钱流入到中国,而同期中国房地产价格也在大幅上涨.运用VAR模型对北京、上海、广州和深圳四个城市房地产价格和热钱流入量的月度数据进行了实证检验得出,房地产价格和热钱之间存在长期均衡关系,热钱是房地产价格上涨的格兰杰原因并对房地产价格形成持续的正向冲击.因此,在当年形势下,要限制热钱流入中国,压缩热钱套利空间,建立严格的外资房地产准入机制.     

The impact of monetary policy shocks on stock prices: Evidence from Canada and the United States

Using structural VAR models with short-run restrictions appropriate for Canada and the United States, we empirically examine whether trade and financial market openness matter for the impact on and transmission to stock prices of monetary policy shocks. We find that, in Canada, the immediate response of stock prices to a domestic contractionary monetary policy shock is small and the dynamic response is brief, whereas in the United States, the immediate response of stock prices to a similar shock is relatively large and the dynamic response is relatively prolonged. We find that these differences are largely driven by differences in financial market openness and hence different dynamic responses of monetary policy shocks between the two countries that we model in this paper.     

What Drives the Owner‐Occupied and Rental Housing Markets? Evidence from an Estimated DSGE Model

Most dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models with a housing market do not explicitly include a rental market and assume a tight mapping between house prices and rents over the business cycle. However, rents are much smoother than house prices in the data. We match this feature of the data by adding both an owner‐occupied housing market and a rental market in a standard DSGE model. The intertemporal preference shock accounts for more than half of the variation in house prices and contributes to residential investment fluctuations through the liquidity constraint, and nominal rigidity in rental contracts captures the variation in the price‐rent ratio.     

Oil Price Uncertainty

The theories of investment under uncertainty and real options predict that uncertainty about, for example, oil prices will tend to depress current investment. We reinvestigate the relationship between the price of oil and investment, focusing on the role of uncertainty about oil prices. We find that volatility in oil prices has had a negative and statistically significant effect on several measures of investment, durables consumption, and aggregate output. We also find that accounting for the effects of oil price volatility tends to exacerbate the negative dynamic response of economic activity to a negative oil price shock, while dampening the response to a positive oil price shock.     

Land prices and unemployment

We integrate the housing market and the labor market in a dynamic general equilibrium model with credit and search frictions. We argue that the labor channel, combined with the standard credit channel, provides a strong transmission mechanism that can deliver a potential solution to the Shimer (2005) puzzle. The model is confronted with U.S. macroeconomic time series. The estimation results account for two prominent facts observed in the data. First, land prices and unemployment move in opposite directions over the business cycle. Second, a shock that moves land prices also generates the observed large volatility of unemployment.     

房价波动、银行信贷与经济增长

运用联立方程模型、面板分析技术及省际面板数据研究发现,我国房价波动、银行信贷与经济增长之间具有紧密的联系.分区域的实证研究结果显示:各地区房价的上涨与金融支持有关,过度的金融支持使东中部地区的房价偏离了经济基本面;中西部地区房价的上涨对银行信贷的扩张有显著影响,而经济增长是各地区促进银行信贷扩张的共同因素.此外,房价的上涨与银行信贷的扩张共同促进了我国各区域经济的繁荣.     

Leverage,Consumer Finance,and Housing Prices in China

In this article, we focus on the effect of household borrowing behavior on housing prices in China, under the background of rapid growth of consumer finance during the past decade. We build a micromodel to deduce the relationship between consumers’ leverage, housing enterprises’ leverage, and housing prices and use a dynamic panel model and panel error correction model to do the empirical work. The results show that the first- and second-tier cities of China are greatly influenced by leverages, the second-tier cities also by local growth, and the third-tier cities are weakly affected by leverages but greatly affected by the land prices. Further explanations and discussions of the empirical results are given accordingly.     

Sales Concessions in the US Housing Market

This article examines the use of concessions in the US housing market, specifically payments for closing costs, home warranties, and structural repairs. This is the first study to examine the motivations and characteristics of homeowners that utilize concessions. It also examines the impact concessions have on transaction prices and marketing durations. While the literature has attempted to determine if concessions can reduce marketing durations or increase transaction prices, the evidence is tainted by endogeneity and sample issues. Additionally, we find that relative bargaining power between buyers and sellers has a fundamental effect on how concessions alter prices and marketing durations. This aspect has been considered only narrowly in the extant literature. Our results demonstrate that when sellers have bargaining power, transactions including concessions exhibit higher prices and shorter marketing durations. Conversely, when buyers have greater negotiation leverage, transactions including concessions experience lower prices and longer marketing periods.     

Housing Price Dynamics in Time and Space: Predictability,Liquidity and Investor Returns

It is widely accepted that aggregate housing prices are predictable, but that excess returns to investors are precluded by the transactions costs of buying and selling property. We examine this issue using a unique data set—all private condominium transactions in Singapore during an eleven-year period. We model directly the price discovery process for individual dwellings. Our empirical results clearly reject a random walk in prices, supporting mean reversion in housing prices and diffusion of innovations over space. We find that, when house prices and aggregate returns are computed from models that erroneously assume a random walk and spatial independence, they are strongly autocorrelated. However, when they are calculated from the appropriate model, predictability in prices and in investment returns is completely absent. We show that this is due to the illiquid nature of housing transactions. We also conduct extensive simulations, over different time horizons and with different investment rules, testing whether better information on housing price dynamics leads to superior investment performance.     

Joint Dynamics of House Prices and Foreclosures

This paper studies the joint transitional dynamics of the foreclosures and house prices in a standard life‐cycle incomplete markets model with housing and a realistic long‐term mortgage structure. We calibrate our model to match several long‐term features of the U.S. housing market, and analyze the effects of several unexpected and permanent shocks on the house price and the foreclosure rate both across the steady states and along the transition between the steady states. We examine permanent, unexpected shocks to the risk‐free interest rate, the minimum down‐payment ratio, and unemployment. During the transition, these shocks create large movements in house prices. More importantly, the foreclosure dynamics are quite significant along the transition compared to the steady‐state changes, and there are strong feedbacks between foreclosures and house prices. We assess the effects of a temporary reduction in the risk‐free interest rate, which has moderate effects on house prices but little effect on foreclosure dynamics. We also study the effects of an ex ante macroprudential policy, which establishes a minimum down‐payment requirement at a higher threshold. Such a macroprudential policy helps substantially stabilize both house prices and foreclosures.     

Global Liquidity,House Prices,and the Macroeconomy: Evidence from Advanced and Emerging Economies

In this paper, we first compare house price cycles in advanced and emerging economies using a new quarterly house price data set covering the period 1990–2012. We find that house prices in emerging economies grow faster, are more volatile, less persistent, and less synchronized across countries than in advanced economies (AEs). We also find that they correlate with capital flows more closely than in AEs. We then condition the analysis on an exogenous change to a particular component of capital flows: global liquidity, broadly understood as a proxy for the international supply of credit. We identify this shock by aggregating bank‐to‐bank cross‐border credit and by using the external instrumental variable approach introduced by Stock and Watson (2012) and Mertens and Ravn (2013). We find that in emerging markets (EMs) a global liquidity shock has a much stronger impact on house prices and consumption than in AEs. We finally show that holding house prices constant in response to this shock tends to dampen its effects on consumption in both AEs and EMs, but possibly through different channels: in AEs by boosting the value of housing collateral and hence supporting domestic borrowing; in EMs, by appreciating the exchange rate and hence supporting the international borrowing capacity of the economy.