我国反补贴问题的法律对策探讨

随着我国市场经济体制的建立和即将加入 WTO,我国的市场开放度将大大提高,国内企业将面临越来越激烈的国际竞争。在这一新形势下,反补贴作为保护国内产业的一种手段,应受到高度重视。本文阐述了我国反补贴立法及其与WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》的差距,以及我国在反补贴问题上的法律对策。     

中国企业发起反倾销进攻

WTO是攻守组合,合理利用反倾销手段保护国内产业利益,已成入世后中国企业的必修课 2005年,中国进入入世“后过渡期”,国内市场对外开放力度加大,关税大幅降低,各类传统保护措施逐步取消。反倾销、反补贴、保障措施,这些名词已经为中国越来越多的出口企业所熟悉,因为它们是悬在纺织品、家电、鞋等出口产品头上随时可能落下的铡刀。     

反补贴措施的贸易效应——基于动态面板数据模型的实证分析

利用1991—2009年的统计数据,以1993—2007年间立案的188起国际反补贴案件为研究对象,运用GMM（广义距）方法对动态面板数据模型进行实证分析。结果表明,反补贴对被诉国具有一定的贸易限制效应;反补贴会导致涉案产品的进口从被诉国转移到非被诉国,这种贸易转移效应会部分削弱反补贴措施的保护效果。     

政府企业各就各位 如何打一场反倾销官司

政府 我国即将加入WTO,市场势必更加开放,关税和非关税壁垒将逐步削减,其结果将对我国正在建立或刚建立的幼稚产业造成一定的负面影响,在这种情况下必须寻找新的合法保护手段,其他国家和地区也将更加依赖反倾销和反补贴措施来打击中国产品,保护本国产业,而反倾销正是符合世贸组织规定的国际通行的保护国内产业的手段.因此,反倾销将成为我国加入WTO后对付不正当国际贸易竞争,保护我国产业的主要法律武器.     

如何的一场反倾销官司

政府 我国即将加入WTO,市场势必更加开放,关税和非关税壁垒将逐步削减,其结果将对我国正在建立或刚建立的幼稚产业造成一定的负面影响,在这种情况下必须寻找新的合法保护手段,其他国家和地区也将更加依赖反倾销和反补贴措施来打击中国产品,保护本国产业,而反倾销正是符合世贸组织规定的国际通行的保护国内产业的手段.因此,反倾销将成为我国加入WTO后对付不正当国际贸易竞争,保护我国产业的主要法律武器.     

小议市场经济条件下中国反补贴应对措施

随着我国市场经济体制的建立和加入WTO,我国的市场开放度在不断提高,国内企业将面临越来越激烈的国际竞争。在这一新形势下,反补贴作为保护国内产业的一种手段,应该受到高度重视。而当前我国的反补贴立法和WTO的反补贴协议还有很大差距,本文主要就我国反补贴问题上应当采取的法律应对措施展开探讨。     

中华人民共和国商务部颁布《反补贴产业损害调查规定》

第一章总则第一条为规范反补贴产业损害调查,根据《中华人民共和国反补贴条例》(以下简称反补贴条例),制定本规定。第二条依据反补贴条例进行的反补贴产业损害调查相关活动,适用本规定。第三条中华人民共和国商务部(以下简称商务部)负责反补贴产业损害的调查。涉及农产品的反补贴产业损害调查,由商务部会同农业部进行。第二章损害的认定第四条损害,是指补贴对已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁,或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍。实质损害是指对国内产业已经造成的、不可忽略的损害。实质损害威胁是指对国内产业尚未造成实…     

借鉴国际先进经验,完善我国反补贴立法之初探

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施是世界贸易组织允许的维护公平贸易、保护国内产业安全的手段。我国相关部门在反补贴立法方面已按照世界贸易组织规则取得长足的进步。但相对西方发达国家而言,我国的反补贴立法存在种种不足。本文作者参考了欧盟,美国的相关立法,并对照世界贸易组织的《补贴与反补贴措施协定》,对我国的反补贴条例在立法体例,补贴的类型,确定补贴的标准等方面提出了修改意见,并建议我国的反补贴条例应增加上游补贴的相关规定,增加公共利益及反规避措施的有关内容及确立不合作制度等。     

对华反补贴价格比较基准:基于美国和加拿大案例的比较研究

反补贴与反倾销相似,同样存在价格比较及其基准的确定问题。本文通过考察目前两个主要对中国进行反补贴调查的国家——美国和加拿大的立法和实践,发现两国确定反补贴价格比较基准的一般法律原则显著不同。在此前提下,在对华反补贴实践中还存在以下两个差异:一是在外部基准还是国内基准适用问题上的基本待遇不同,二是价格比较基准确定的具体操作程序不同。但同时,两国在对华反补贴价格比较基准问题上存在一个共同点,即是否适用外部基准取决于各自对中国市场经济地位的认定或在同一产品反倾销调查中的市场导向产业认定。这一共同点可能成为其他WTO成员今后启动对华反补贴调查时决定是否采用外部基准的依据。     

WTO进口救济制度比较及对我国的建议

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施制度是国际贸易中常见的贸易救济制度,又称“进口救济制度”。它们在各国外贸法体系中均占有重要地位,WTO法律体制也就其设制了具体的专门规定。面对入世后激烈的国内外市场竞争,国内企业和政府部门应更好地掌握WTO的基本规则,准确地应用三种措施保护民族产业。     

A corporate entrepreneurship perspective of pre‐entry strategies for internationalization: A case study of a Chinese business conglomerate

The international expansion of Chinese firms is a remarkable phenomenon of contemporary international business. However, international expansion is particularly challenging for firms expanding from emerging market economies such as China because they have relatively few ownership advantages and suffer disadvantages. We apply a corporate entrepreneurship perspective to explore this under‐researched topic via a longitudinal case study of a large Chinese business conglomerate. Thirty‐one semistructured interviews and seven focus‐group discussions were conducted with 55 informants; company documents were also analyzed. We found sophisticated pre‐entry entrepreneurial initiatives are critical for successful internationalization, as they enable emerging market firms to overcome some constraints, leverage their assets, and build competences for international venturing.     

Born global or local? Factors influencing the internationalization of university spin-offs—the case of Halmstad University

A wealth of research in the past decades has examined born globals or international new ventures, which are firms that from inception view the whole world as a market and as a source to access resources. Many of these firms build their competitive advantage on high-tech knowledge. However, although many studies have shown how born globals can achieve success if they access resources through their relationships from actors in their networks, few studies have explored the relationship between born globals and universities. Universities are important actors in creating new technology knowledge, and many studies have shown how new firms, or so-called university spin-offs (USOs), are formed around universities. The current study explores why some USOs are successful in their international growth strategy and discusses the factors that influence and facilitate the internationalization process. The study investigates 10 USOs around the newly established Halmstad University in Sweden and finds that universities have a positive effect on firm creation and initial international growth. The regional competence base increases from the establishment of a local university, primarily by strengthening the regional human capital and by increasing university research. This study shows that researcher entrepreneurs’ ventures start as born globals, but that these firms do not continue to grow. Born global business models, per se, do not lead to competitive advantage and successful internationalization. Instead, a strategy built on customer focus and an ability to adapt to different customer demands lead to growth, and the location of growth is dependent on the size of the home market. This study also shows that student entrepreneurship can be a successful growth strategy for USOs focusing on both international and local markets.     

中国农业上市公司的发展探析

中国加入世界贸易组织后农业将面临巨大的冲击,中国农业上市公司将是带领中国农民走向国际市场的“龙头”,具有重要的地位,但是在最近一段时间却出现了许多问题,必须充分认请农业上市公司的作用和问题,才能有效地采取一些农业上市公司进一步发展的策略,促使农业上市公司在国际市场的竞争中获得持久地发展。     

企业国际多元化：一个文献综述

从资源配置的角度看,企业战略包括两个基本方面：行业多元化和国际多元化。与行业多元化相比,对国际多元化的关注较少。理论分析表明,国际多元化既有成本,也有收益。通过总结国外关于国际多元化的最新研究发现,目前关于国际多元化与企业绩效关系的实证研究结论并不一致,这些经验研究主要是基于发达国家企业的样本,并且这些研究本身也存在许多问题。利用新兴市场经济国家的样本可能会得出不同的结论。     

A comparative analysis of location and non-location-bounded strategic asset seeking in emerging and developed market MNEs: An application of new internalization theory

Do emerging market (E)MNEs have a stronger strategic asset seeking FDI orientation than developed market (D)MNEs? If so, what are the properties of the strategic assets they actually seek and are they similar or dissimilar to those of DMNEs? Drawing from new internalization theory, we show that lying concealed within some mainstream EMNE models are important predictions regarding differences in the location-boundedness properties of the strategic assets sought by EMNEs compared with DMNEs. Using multinomial logit modelling on 2414 international M&A deals, we explore how acquirer characteristics shape location-bounded (trademark) and non-location bounded (patent) strategic asset seeking choices. In general, we find evidence that EMNEs have a comparatively stronger patent but weaker trademark seeking orientation than DMNEs. We discuss implications for EMNE related theory, focusing on the qualitative differences in asset seeking orientation between EMNEs and DMNEs.     

Anonymous market and group ties in international trade

History provides many examples of cohesive groups dispersed over several countries who exploit the ties between their members to gain entry into foreign markets. The phenomenon is well-established empirically and noteworthy because it suggests the importance of informational barriers in international transactions. We present a simple model where output is produced through a joint venture, and agents have complete information domestically but are unable to judge the quality of their match abroad. A minority of individuals, otherwise identical to all others, can exploit complete information in international matches between group members, if they so choose. Group ties increase aggregate trade and income, but hurt the anonymous market because they deprive it disproportionately of the group’s more productive members.     

Contextualizing international strategy by emerging market firms: A composition-based approach

We present a composition-based logic toward international expansion by emerging market firms (EMFs) – firms that use compositional investment, compositional competition, and compositional collaboration to create a unique competitive advantage in global competition. This view explains how EMFs creatively adopt a composition-based international strategy, enabling them to compensate for their weaknesses while capitalizing on their strengths during global competition where they offer a competitive price-value ratio suited to mass global customers who are cost sensitive. We also explicated the working conditions (i.e., strategic resource-seeking motivation, subsidiary autonomy delegation, and cross-border sharing system) that fortify the outcome of composition. Using survey data from 201 EMFs, our analysis supports these key arguments. A composition-based lens provides a new understanding of why and how emerging market businesses can survive in international competition for some period of time without possessing traditionally defined monopolistic advantages.     

Food Safety Issues,Trade and WTO Rules: A Developing Country Perspective

The SPS Agreement and the related WTO dispute settlement mechanism are an important first step in strengthening the global trade architecture, bringing in greater transparency and orderly conditions to world food trade. However, implementation of the new trade rules has turned out to be a more complex task than the traditional market access issues handled by the WTO. Several factors, including inadequate financial and technical resources, have constrained devel‐oping countries from becoming effective participants in the implementation process, and there is widespread suspicion that SPS regulations are being used as hidden protectionist devices by developed countries. However, despite all the problems, some developing countries have been quite successful in penetrating developed country food markets; they have done so by accepting the consumer preferences and standards in quality‐sensitive high‐income markets and implementing domestic supply‐side measures. While making full use of available international assistance initiatives, developing countries should view the task of complying with SPS standards not just as a barrier but also as an opportunity to upgrade quality standards and market sophistication in the food export sector.     

浅析我国企业品牌营销的对策

在市场竞争中,品牌意识决定着品牌形象的文化品位和档次,反映了企业的追求和精神境界,成为制胜的关键。迄今,我国很多企业还没有树立起正确的品牌意识观,出口产品品牌化程度及品牌价值低,致使产品销路不畅。我国企业应根据自身的条件与特点,提升品牌竞争意识,实施品牌营销战略,只有把"中国制造"变成"中国品牌,"才能在国际市场上占有更大份额,夺取佳绩。     

中国股票市场交易成本的估计

采用上证180指数成分股票的分笔交易数据,分析估计了反映中国股票市场交易成本的报价价差、有效价差和交易价差,并对它们进行了比较和相关分析。实证结果表明,我国股票市场的总交易成本约为0.25%,除指令处理成分外,还有其他的交易成本成分,而且它们会随时间的变化而增加。交易成本不仅表现出共同变动的趋势,而且还与股票的特征有关。