From compensation to development： the application and progress of RwD in China

Involuntary resettlenment caused by project construction is a difficult problem over world. In the past, therestoration of livelihoods in the event of involuntary resettlementhas been based purely on providing compensation to those who are displaced. Evidence has shown that compensation-based involuntary resettlement can not realize the objective of restoring and improving resettlers＇ living standard. With a view to improve this outcome, the concept of Resettlement with Development （RwD） was envisaged and is now generally heralded as the means to mitigate catastrophic failures of the past. However, few developing countries have included the concept of RwD into th, ational policies and China is one of them. The Chinese government has taken resettlement as an opportunity to help resettlers restore and improve their living standards and develop economy in reservoir areas by implementing RwD olicy including giving compensation and subsidies at early stage and offering production assistance at late stage, citing up reservoir construction fund, initiating partnership programs and preferential policy as well as enhanc infrastruture construction. The preliminary experience from the TGP resettlement has verified that the transformation from compensation-based resettlement to RwD is a right policy, choice. Meanwhile. because ofthe changing political environment and the complexity of involuntary resettlement there is still room for china to improve its RwD policy.     

A model of techno-economic evaluation for eco-industrial park project

An eco-industrial park or estate is a community of manufactaring and service businesses located together on a common property. The goat of ElP is to create a win-win harmonious development aspect of ecooomic development and environmental protection. This paper emphasizes that the external .effect of an EIP is its main characteristic of technoeconomic evaluation for eco-industrial park project. From the view of the property, rights, the EIP＇s product is typicalty public-private. The government should take some inca.rares for the quantitative analysis on ecological positive externalities of the enterprises in EIP, and also should adopt Coase＇s Theorem, which supports that the market transaction is the best way to deal with positive externalities （external economics or diseconoraics）, or Pigou＇s Theorem, which holds that the government anti-positive externalities programs are the best way to cope with positive externalities, to internalize the EIP＇s external effects, which is also a fundamental tool to encourage investors to actively invest in EIP projects, Furthermore. this paper thinks that the EIP ＇s income should be equal to the income of staple products of the private property, and that of its by-products of the public property. According to this principle, this paper has put forward three major indicators, net present value （NPV）, internal rate of renan （IRR）, and investment repayment period （IRP）, which are also extensively used indicators in ardinary project techno-economic evaluation model to evaluate EIP technoeconomic effects. Theoretically, the indicatory not only can be used in EIP project evaluation, but also can provide a quantitative measure toot for the government to support EIP＇s construction to the maximum. In the end. a case is analyzed.     

A research of material input and environmental impact for Chinese economy： 1990-2005

The process of economic activities is on the basis of tremendous material inputs. China has been discharging an enormous amount of waste, giving rise to a wide range of environmental impacts. The method of economy-wide material flow analysis （EW-MFA） is one of the effective tools to examine the flow of materials entering physical economies, and recognize early environmental problems. Relevant researches are still at the early stage in China and most focus on material throughput but are rarely concerned about the utilization of recycling resource and environmental impact. Based on more than 3,000 items of data related, materials entering Chinese economy are classified into three types, and then the characteristics of material input and environmental impact are presented for the years 1990-2005 by using the indicators derived from EW-MFA. The Ratio of Recycled Material （RRM） is added as the new indicator in order to be in accordance with the need of circular economy being promoted in China. Results show that the great changes in the structure of material input cause the continuous increase of industrial solid waste emissions and the bogging down of material productivity. The RRM reveals that the utilization of recycling resources remains at a fairly low level in China. Finally, some weakness of EW-MFA is discussed according to the calculated results.     

Development of resource-conserving society：from the perspective of circular economy

The purpose of building a resource-conserving society is to pursuit less resource consumption and less environmental pollution,and to accept greater economic and social benefits,and the ultimate goal is to ensure sustainable use of resources and economic and social sustainable development.Developing circular economy is the inevitable choice and the basic way to build a resource-conserving society.Recycling economy is a resource-conserving production,initiate resource-conserving consumption,and it is the key to build resource-conserving society.This study tries to clarify the relationship between them and bring forward a scientific index system which can measure the development level of a resource-conserving society.It provides a new set of ideas for the evaluation of resourceconserving society,and it is important for the resource-conserving society assessment and construction,while further empirical research is made on China＇s eastern coastal Shandong Province.     

Environment investment： transition from end-investment to multi-investment

Environmental investment must change its direction from end-investment to multi-investment, such as ecological construction, recycling economy and environmental protection. Only it can meet the needs of breaking the bottleneck of resources and environment for Chinese sustainable development. And the transition can hero us realize low-ost and highspeedy increasing of economy, as well as the construction of ecological health, beautiful environment economic development and harmonious new society. Material recycling in ecosystem can run well by self-organization and self-regulation by nature with low-cost and even non-cost. So, the environmental investment in ecological construction should be the profits maximum investment. But it needs country＇s support in financial policy on ecological or environmental compensation. Recycling economy is a brand-new pattern of economic growth, which formed gradually in the course of mankind exploring and practicing sustainable development. Fountainhead prevention, reducing and whole processing control are its significant characteristics, which are digerent from any former economic and environmental protection system. Investing in technology development and relevant industry of recycling economy should be the other major field of environment investment in China in the future.     

Development pattern of the industry form in mountains area： a case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

The mountainous areas （mountain, plateau and hilly area ） cover than 85% of total land territory of China.Nature and humanity in very mountainous ares has its own geographic characteristics.In the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, realizing the sustainable development of the mouniainous areas, optimizing man-land system, and adopting and continuously developing corresponding economic modes of the mountainous areas with multi-functions of economy, ecalogy, culture and society to chararacterize production content, mode of production. mode of operation is not only helpful to econonty, society and ecological value and is of great aesthetic value,but also solve the technological problems of the subject of starting undertaking to finally transform the regional resource advantage of the mountainous area into the advantage of capital and technology for economic development and to get rid of the contradiction between underdeveloped economy and abundant resources. This paper takes the Three Gorges Reservoir（TGR） area for example to show that it＇s of great practical and theoretical significance ,regional distribution,variety structure and quality structure.     

Status and prospect of the Chinese trading scheme for carbon credits

Given the arduous progress in the international talk on climate change mitigation,there is still uncertainty in the continuation of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) after 2012.However,a number of countries have regarded market mechanisms as an important approach towards climate change.China’s 12 th Five-year Plan on National Economic and Social Development clearly states that China will set up and improve the system for statistical accounting of greenhouse gas emission and will gradually establish an emission trading scheme.It is expected that in the following couple of years China will develop its own policies on carbon trading and gradually establish its domestic emission trading market.The construction of China carbon market is to be promoted in a voluntary-to-mandatory and regional-to-national manner.China will firstly standardize and promote the trading of voluntary emission reductions,and will then encourage pilot provinces and cities as well as some key industries to implement a policy on emission allowance trading while at the same time facilitating the construction of infrastructural facilities for carbon market operation including climate change legislation and setting up a system for the measurement and verification of carbon emissions.China will also carry out international or bilateral cooperation with foreign carbon trading schemes based on the progress of international negotiation so as to set up a unified domestic carbon market that is linked to international carbon trading schemes.     

The transformation of China＇s economic and government functions

The content of China＇s economic transformation is not single, and this article argues that it includes three parts. The first is the reform of economic system, the second is the change in the pattern of economic growth, and the third is the adjustment of economic structure. Government is the leading force of China＇s economic transformation, and repeated reform of government institutions has brought about some changes to government functions. But problems are obvious that lag changes of government functions have become an obstacle in China＇s economic transformation. This article describes the historical evolution and the reality of China＇s economic transformation, and analyzes the main reasons of lag changes in government functions, and reveals that the transformation of government functions is the key for successful transformation of China＇s economy.     

Evaluation of harmonious development for economy-environment system in coastal cities： a case study of Tianjin Municipality

With the aim of the harmonious development of economy-environment system in coastal cities in China. an index ,system used to evaluate the economy-environment system is built up in this paper, which includes four aspects： economy, environment, resources, and ocean industry. Based on the analysis on present condition and future trends of economic development in Tianjin and the quantification of various evaluation indices, the aathor applies integrated index valuation model to valuate the harmonious development af economy-environment of Tianjin. The results show that the coordinated degree of economy-environment would drop down in the future, from 0.95（superior level of harmonious development） in 2000 to 0.59（inferior level of harmonious development） in 2015. under the circumstance of the current economic development mode. The level of comprehensive development of Tianjin also presents to descend. Based on the analyzing of status and future trends of environment-economy coordinated development, the paper puts forward the countermeasures such as industry, structure adjustment, increasing the level of environmental protection investment, strengthening the enforcement of en vironmental policies to improve the coordinated development of environment-economy in Tianjin municipality.     

Rural collective construction land use in China: Policy issues and options

Land policy in China has been changed dramatically in the past two decades. Though the reform of rural farm land and the urban construction land has been launched successively, little has been done about the rural construction land by now, which has made a negative impact to the land utilization. This paper fi rst reviews the policy terms about the rural construction land, then gives a brief critique on them under the background of social-economic transformation in China, and discusses the driving forces and implications of institutional changes in the end. We think the further reform on the rural collective construction land is imperative. Firstly, as a production factor, it should be endowed with property attribute, and secondly the use right of rural construction land should be separated from its ownership so that it can be transacted in a competitive market, which will benefi t the building of harmonious society.     

我国发展桉树纸业应注意的生态经济问题

本文对桉树林在不当种植情况下会出现的各类生态经济问题进行了分析,指出其主要的生态问题是:(1)造成水土流失;(2)当地良好的植被结构被毁坏;(3)景观单一;(4)生物多样性减少等。同时,对发展桉树纸业的效益做了对比分析,并提出了一个符合生态经济理念的经济项目评价计算公式。对我国今后在发展速丰林方面应如何审慎、合理地进行规划和种植桉树林提出了严格控制种植面积、对土壤不进行翻耕、形成混交林等七点策略,为各地更好地落实科学发展观,走经济与生态、社会效益同步发展、全面提高的可持续发展道路提供理论参考。     

生态经济学基本问题研究

如何审视生态系统、环境系统与经济系统之间的相互关系,关系到对生态经济学基本问题的科学理解,关系到如何运用科学发展观建设和谐社会、实现经济社会持续发展。本文以此为前提,深入研究生态经济学的基本问题,对生态价值、环境价值、经济价值层次的升级,逻辑上的升华及其内在联系进行了探讨。     

和谐社会构建与现代市场体系完善

本文从现代经济学的角度,探讨了构建和谐社会与建立现代市场经济体制两者的内在一致性问题。文章首先讨论了对和谐社会目标如何理解,并结合和谐社会的特征与内涵讨论了其与效率、公平和法治的关系。随后通过将现代经济学中的一些深刻思想和理论结果,与中国改革的实践相结合,论证了和谐社会构建与现代市场体系的相容性。本文的基本结论是,构建和谐社会的过程应是一个以市场化改革为取向的制度变迁或体制创新的过程。由此本文给出了相应的政策性建议,并讨论了经济学家在构建和谐社会中应尽的责任。     

以改善民生为重点 推动社会和谐发展

党的十七大提出加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设，是中国特色社会主义事业的重要组成部分。解决民生问题是中国特色社会主义本质特征的集中体现，是深入贯彻落实科学发展观的重要内容，是构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求，也是全面建设小康社会的重要任务。解决民生问题要从人民群众最关心的问题出发，真正实践“权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋”。     

The basic theory of industrial ecological economics

There is a great difference between the new type industrialization road in China and the road of industrialization first, then informatization and at last ecologization in western developed countries. Industrial eco-economics is one of the critical branches of eco-economics. It is a subject of objective law of structural upgrading, functional optimization and highly efficient running of industrial eco-economic system, which is combined with industrial economic system and eco-system under the condition of intellectual economy and circular economy combinations. Meanwhile, it is a relatively weak subject in the research field of eco-economics in China for the time being. Taking the practice road of new type industrialization needs the guidance of industrial eco-economics. The modern industrial eco-economics in the 21st century must be adapted to the need of new type road of industrialization in China. The paper analyzes the status quo of research and the main contents of industrial eco-economics and tries to study some key theories of the branch subject.     

实现男女平等是构建和谐社会的重要任务

男女平等是促进我国经济社会发展的一项基本国策,是构建社会主义和谐社会的一项重要内容。目前,在构建社会主义和谐社会的伟大实践中,男女平等事业仍然存在许多突出的问题,这些问题严重影响了和谐社会的构建,亟待加以解决。全社会要大力贯彻男女平等基本国策,采取有效的措施实现男女平等,促进社会和谐。     

论公司的社会责任

公司的社会责任是社会经济文化发展到一定阶段协调利益失衡的产物。随着中国社会经济发展的加速,公司对社会的影响也愈加增大。加强公司社会责任的认知及建设,对中国社会的健康、和谐发展有着重要作用。     

生态经济理论的发展与政治经济学的创新

长期以来,我国社会主义政治经济学由于忽视研究生态经济问题,使之缺乏创新与发展。现在生态经济学得到了迅速的发展,政治经济学必须研究生态经济问题,必须吸收生态经济理论,真正成为社会主义现代化建设的坚实的理论基础。     

论县域民主与和谐社会的构建

随着我国社会主义现代化建设的推进，我国迎来了全面建设社会主义新农村，构建和谐社会的新时期。同时，县域经济的大发展为县域社会的和谐建设提供了新契机。因此，发展县域民主，改革传统落后的政治文化体制，成为了构建和谐社会的重要一环。     

深化改革是构建和谐社会的根本途径

当前影响我国构建和谐社会的主要因素是资源行政性配置量中的权力市场化、市场体系的不完善、社会保障制度滞后、经济转轨和社会转型中的分配不公及利益失衡等体制性因素。因此,构建和谐社会必须从继续深化行政性垄断部门的改革、完善市场体系和运行机制、建立和完善社会保障制度、调节收入分配差距和完善分配制度等体制改革,从根本上革除影响我国构建和谐社会的制度性因素,不能因为改革过程中由于改革不完善而出现的经济社会的不和谐而废止改革。