COMPETITIVE ISSUES IN THE TAIWANESE BANKING INDUSTRY: MERGERS AND UNIVERSAL BANKS

This paper investigates scale economies and scope economies in the Taiwanese banking system, looking beyond the market‐power (MP) and efficient‐structure (ES) hypotheses. Given the existence of overall economies of scale and the positive value of expansion path sub‐additivity, we conclude that there might be large increases in profits following mergers. Moreover, since the profit‐structure relationship after financial reform is determined by the relative‐market‐power hypothesis, this consolidation trend will not necessarily decrease the social benefit for Taiwanese consumers. With regard to scope economies and product‐specific economies of scale, we are unable to recommend whether Taiwanese banks should develop as specialized banks or diversified banks in the future. Finally, we find that risk indicators play an important role in explaining the observed variation in bank profitability, and present evidence that default risk and leverage risk have negative effects on the profits of banking, although the effect of portfolio risk is uncertain.     

Impact of nontraditional activities on scale and scope economies: A case study of Japanese regional banks

The recent financial deregulation in Japanese banking has enabled regional banks to engage in trust businesses. This paper examines the impact of such nontraditional banking activities on cost structure by measuring economies of scale and scope. A generalized translog cost function, which can take zero outputs into consideration, is employed to simultaneously investigate entrants and non-entrants. While ray scale economies are observed for trust businesses, product-specific scale economies are not. Further, cost complementarities are not observed in almost all the pairwise combinations of the products. Thus, entering into the trust business yields no cost reduction for Japanese regional banks.     

Estimating Cost Functions of Malaysian Commercial Banks: The Differential Effects of Size,Location, and Ownership*

Bank integration and competition policies are a core part of current financial reforms intended to strengthen the financial sector in Malaysia. This paper intends to clarify the production technology employed in Malaysian banks and indicate important policy implications for current bank consolidation policy. While it is essential to conduct a microeconomic analysis of the banking sector to appraise financial reform policy, Katib and Mathews (2000) is the only formal study in this area that uses micro level data on Malaysian banks. Our analysis expands on Katib and Mathews’ study in three aspects. Firstly, while Katib and Mathews employed Data Envelopment Analysis, we use estimation analysis based on a parametric approach. Secondly, we examine technological differences among Malaysian banks according to the size of operations, location of branches and ownership structure. Thirdly, we also explicitly incorporate the existence of hidden bad loans in estimating cost functions. According to our estimation analysis, there is a difference in production technology between large‐sized banks and small or medium‐sized banks. While economies of scale are observed for large‐sized banks, no economies of scope and technological progress are observed for any banks. The results of our analysis suggest that, while the current reform policy is basically appropriate, serious problems remain regarding bank consolidation and the lack of market competition.     

Cost efficiency,economies of scale,technological progress and productivity in Indonesian banks

This study estimates cost efficiency, economies of scale, technological progress, and productivity growth among Indonesian banks from 1993 to 2000. Average cost efficiency for the banking sector over this period was 70%. However, there is a marked difference in cost efficiency before and after the Asian economic crisis. The banking sector cost efficiency was 80% prior to the crisis and 53% after the crisis. Moreover, results indicate that private-owned banks and joint venture/foreign banks were more efficient than public-owned banks. Furthermore, the relationship between cost efficiency and total assets suggests an optimum bank asset size. Cost reductions attributed to technological progress and economies of scale were greater prior to the Asian economic crisis. Larger decreases in total factor productivity are evident in the post-crisis period.     

Scope economies from rural and urban microfinance services

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) operate in both rural and urban credit markets and provide financial services to the poor not served by commercial banks. MFIs must keep operating costs low to better serve their clients. We evaluate whether MFIs can lower their costs by exploiting economies of diversification from serving both rural and urban markets rather than specializing in only one. We apply a novel method to estimate scope economies that minimizes the well-known “excessive extrapolation” and accommodates MFIs' heterogeneity. Analyzing panel data on MFIs from 105 countries over 2008–2018, we find that about half of loan-only MFIs benefited from diversification and enjoyed scope economies of 16.6% while over two thirds of savings-and-loan MFIs experienced scope diseconomies of 11.7% suggesting advantages from specialization. Over time, the declining magnitudes and the prevalence of scope (dis)economies in both groups suggest that loan-only MFIs have been able to serve costlier marginal clients while savings-and-loan MFIs have been learning and decreasing their scope diseconomies. Stakeholders encouraging the transformation of MFIs into regulated savings-and-loan institutions that serve both rural and urban markets should be aware of the presence of scope diseconomies for that business type and offer adequate support.     

Incorporating risk into the analysis of production

This paper evaluates alternative strategies for incorporating risk into the analysis of production and argues that accounting for the effects on production of financial structure and endogenous risk, motivated by the objective of value maximization, is essential to recovering firms' technologies, measuring their efficiencies, and detecting such risk-related phenomena as the effects of better diversification on scale economies and the agency costs of different mixes of debt and equity. This paper also demonstrates how the Most Preferred Production System of Hughes et al. [1996] incorporates endogenous risk and the firm's financial structure and, in doing so, is able to control for differences in risk among banks in measuring their profit efficiency and to uncover scale economies in U.S. commercial banking that elude studies based on standard cost and profit functions.Presidential Address presented at the Forty-Sixth International Atlantic Economic Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, October 8–11, 1998. The author is grateful to William Lang, Loretta Mester, Choon-Geol Moon, and Michael Pagano for their helpful discussions and comments on an earlier draft.     

业务运作视角下的中国商业银行效率研究

随着中国经济进入新常态,商业银行之间的竞争越发激烈,通过对商业银行在筹资、投资以及中间业务运作方面的效率进行分析,来优化银行的竞争策略.利用改进的DEA网络模型对4家国有商业银行、13家股份制商业银行以及4家城市商业银行共21家银行进行了效率测算,并从资金运作规模、业务多元化和商业银行承担的角色3个方面对商业银行的效率进行评价,发现不同类型的商业银行的业务特点与其战略定位相关.在研究成果的基础上提出一些政策建议,辅以部分统计性结果进行论证,以提高结论的科学性.     

我国城市商业银行2009—2011年生产效率分析

通过数据包络分析（DEA）模型对2009—2011年国内53家具有代表性的城市商业银行进行生产率分析,并通过Malmquist指数将其生产率变化分解为技术效率及技术进步两个指数进行研究。结果表明,伴随着2009—2011年间国内城商行规模的快速扩张,大型城商行规模效率逐渐下降,开始呈现规模递减发展趋势,而多数中小型城商行因为规模相对较小,处于规模报酬不变的扩张区间;对Malmquist指数测度结果的分析则表明国内大型城商行全要素生产率指数变化无论在均值还是在稳定性方面都要优于中小型城商行,突出表现在影响其内部发展的技术进步上,中小型城商行亟需通过软硬件、服务功能、产品创新等进一步提升既有技术水平,从而支撑其业务的可持续发展。     

基于DEA的我国上市商业银行经营效率分析（2003-2010）

主要以我国13家上市商业银行2003—2010年的数据为研究样本,选取投入和产出指标,运用DEA模型对其技术效率、纯技术效率以及规模效率进行分析、比较,研究表明股份制商业银行明显要比国有商业银行的经营效率高,规模效率低影响了商业银行整体效率。文章最后指出要提高我国上市商业银行的经营效率,可以从提高我国上市商业银行规模效率和创新能力等几个方面着手。     

我国商业银行提高运营效率的策略分析

面对激烈的银行同业竞争,我国的商业银行必须彻底地改善自己的经营机制,提高运营效率,保证在激烈的竞争中占有自己的市场份额。实践证明,生产力的发展取决于其构成因素的有效配比和综合。我国商业银行现行运营方式已经不能适应未来全能银行的要求,为了达到提高效率的目的,必须对银行的相关机制和业务流程进行合理的再造,积极应用高科技技术节省成本,并通过对相关业务和流程的外包尽可能缩减支出提高效率。     

台湾地区金融控股公司经营效率研究——基于产业组织理论

该研究以台湾地区金融控股公司辖下银行及非金控银行为研究对象,以连续三年的财务数据,通过DEA模型分析结果两相比较。探讨金控辖下银行的效率表现,供金控公司经营层制订经营策略之参考。本研究资料来源取自于台湾经济新报资料库,将其中可取得数据之23家银行为对象,选取适合测算规模经济的投入及产出变数,先以DEA的CCR及BCC模型测算样本银行之总效率、技术效率及规模效率等效率值,并提出在投入产出项应调整的百分比。另以多阶段超效率DEA模型探讨2005-2007年各银行的效率值并分别予以调整排序。实证结果表明,无论是否为金控之银行,经合并后多能发挥预期综效,提高经营效率。但以2007年为例,则不乏非金控之中小型银行挤身前面的名次,足见经营效率之良窳,与规模之大小、行员数及店铺数之多寡无显着相关。在差额变数分析中可知,银行若因规模过大无法发挥预期效率,反易导致更多的效率损失。     

Does economic uncertainty affect the soundness of banks? Evidence from emerging Asian economies

This paper examines the impact of economic uncertainty on four dimensions of banking soundness, namely, banks’ loan growth rates, interest rate spreads, capitalization and risk. By using the bank-level panel data of approximately 500 commercial banks in seven emerging Asian economies, we find consistent evidence that increased economic uncertainty decelerates banks’ loan growth, narrows their interest rate spreads and aggravates their risk, but induces banks to increase their capital holdings. Our results are shown to be robust in a series of checks that use alternative indicators of economic uncertainty and econometric methodologies.     

The Industrial Organization of Financial Markets in Thailand

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the industrial organizational features of the financial markets in Thailand which may play an important role in promoting the recent high economic growth. Specifically, we examine whether or not the market-structure-performance hypothesis is valid by estimating profit and cost functions. The main results are as follows:
1) market concentration in Thailand is higher than in Japan;
2) expense rate of Thai commercial banks is considerably higher than Japanese banks;
3) economies of scale are not found;
4) the more concentrated the market is, the larger are the profits and costs of the commercial banks.     

中国上市商业银行DEA效率分析

采用数据包络分析方法,对2009-2011年中国13家上市商业银行的效率进行了测算,从技术效率、规模效率和纯技术效率等方面进行了分析,并对国有上市商业银行和股份制上市商业银行的各个效率进行了比较,认为股份制上市商业银行主要由于较高的纯技术效率而整体效率高于国有上市商业银行。     

TESTING PROFIT AND STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN BANKING MARKETS USING EFFICIENCY MEASURES

This paper provides a comparison between the developed and developing European countries through investigating the profit–structure relationship in the banking industries. The reduced‐form profit equations are estimated for each group of countries for the period 1995–2006. The results suggest that the inclusion of X‐efficiency and scale efficiency directly in the reduced‐form profit equation is crucial in explaining the bank profit–structure relationship in the European banking markets. When we control for direct measures of efficiency, the market share and concentration coefficient become insignificant in all regressions. The results support the efficiency versions of the efficient‐structure hypothesis over the relative market power and structure–conduct–performance hypothesis. For the developing economies of Europe, the findings of the paper indicate that efficiency is a crucial factor for establishing a sound banking system and the banks in these countries should increase their scale of operations to attain an optimal profit level.     

我国中小股份制商业银行并购的规模经济效应分析——以平安并购深发展为例

本文以我国资本市场有史以来最大的一次并购交易——中国平安并购深发展银行为例,对中国平安并购深发展银行带来的规模经济效应进行深入分析,从而提出我国中小股份制商业银行目前主要应以并购为途径扩大自身规模,有利于其效率的提高。     

中国和印度两国银行业现实竞争力的国际比较

基于英国《银行家》杂志"世界1000家大银行"排名的数据资料,文章从资本实力、经营规模、经营效率、经营的安全稳健性等几个方面入手,对中国和印度两国银行业的现实竞争力进行比较分析。分析表明,我国商业银行在保持资本实力增长和资产规模扩张的同时,经营效率和稳健性需要迅速提高。     

Risk preference and efficiency in Chinese banking

This paper aims to measure banking efficiency by considering risk preferences in 49 Chinese commercial banks during the period of 2004–2012. It adopts a method which allows for endogenous classification of three risk preferences, namely the conservative, moderate and aggressive risk modes, by changing direction vectors. Banking efficiency is measured on the basis of optimal risk preference. The findings show that the moderate risk preference is the most appropriate strategy to achieve technical efficiency in the Chinese banking sector. However, the aggressive risk preference involving low risk costs, compulsory credit spreads and scale expansion played a critical role in promoting the development of Chinese banking sector, but its effect decreased rapidly. The findings also imply that the average technical efficiency scores of joint stock commercial banks and city commercial banks were higher than those of state-owned commercial banks under the optimal risk preference, and that the measured efficiency mainly shows a trend of improvement over time.     

技术进步、规模效应与银行效率变化

本文采用MalmquistTFP指数法,对国内主要商业银行1995—2008年全要素生产率（TFP）进行测算和分解,考察国内银行业改革发展过程中技术进步、规模效应与银行效率变化之间的关系。经验结果显示,1996—2002年期间国内商业银行垒要素生产率呈现衰退状况,其中技术变动指数和规模效率变动指数总体下降,可能在于这段时期内宏观经济环境及调控政策的变动。2003—2008年期间全要素生产率呈现总体好转,主要来源于技术进步及规模效率改善,国有银行股份制改造、加入WTO开放银行业等一系列制度变革举措产生了重要的促进作用;股份制银行的金要素生产率变化指数总体高于国有银行,主要得益于其技术进步的作用。国有银行的规模效率变化指数相对较高,因而在技术效率改进方面表现更佳,充分体现其规模优势。     

中国银行业X效率实证研究

本文考察了1997-2002年间中国14家商业银行技术效率、配置效率和X效率的变化情况。其中DEA用以计算各银行的效率得分情况，Bootstrap回归分析用以确定银行效率的影响因素。研究表明，中国银行业近年来效率显著改善，国有商业银行的效率低于股份制银行。低效率的原因主要归咎于配置低效率和规模低效率，这意味着金融管制的进一步放松和国有银行继续精简机构是必要的。回归分析显示单一国有产权对三种类型的效率都有显著的负向影响，因此可以期待正在进行的国有银行股份制改造取得良好的效果。