国际贸易中的动物福利壁垒及应对措施研究

随着国际贸易的不断发展,越来越多的国家将动物福利理念引入到了国际贸易领域,将动物福利与国际贸易紧密联系,使动物福利壁垒成为新一轮的贸易壁垒,本文通过对动物福利、动物福利壁垒的理解分析,提出了相应的应对措施对提高出口企业的应对能力具有重要的现实意义。     

国际贸易壁垒中动物福利的人文思考

动物福利的提出促使人们重新审视人类与动物之间的关系,不仅关系到动物保护、人类自身健康、人与自然的和谐、社会的可持续发展等,而且作为一种“非关税”壁垒新形式已对国际贸易产生了广泛而现实的影响。我国作为WTO组织的成员国和国际贸易出口大国,能否妥善处理动物福利问题对我国国际贸易可持续性发展、畜产品加工业的兴起以及和动物相关产品出口都有重要的影响。本文从人文角度,分析了我国动物福利的现状及其影响,并提出了相关思考与建议。     

国际农产品贸易中的动物福利问题

随着国际贸易的发展和贸易自由化程度的提高,一些国家尤其是发达国家将动物福利概念引入国际贸易领域,以动物福利的名义封杀其他国家的产品,动物福利正逐渐成为国际贸易中的新壁垒。我国作为世界农业大国,近年来因动物福利问题而遭遇贸易壁垒的案例时有发生。因此,重视动物福利问题,采取相关措施,改善出口动物的福利状况,是我国克服发达国家利用动物福利设置贸易壁垒的主要途径。     

国际贸易中的动物福利壁垒研究

近年来,许多发达国家构筑了动物福利壁垒体系,影响了发展中国家相关产品的出口,制约了国际贸易的发展。动物福利壁垒制约国际贸易发展,加剧国际贸易摩擦以及阻碍贸易自由化,发展中国家应积极改善动物福利,提高产品国际竞争力。     

浅谈我国出口贸易中的动物福利壁垒

随着国际贸易的不断发展,动物福利壁垒已逐渐发展成为贸易壁垒的主要形式,我国动物产品出口也因此受到很大限制。本文从动物福利和动物福利壁垒入手,浅显分析了我国动物福利壁垒的现状和对出口的影响,并初步提出了一些突破动物福利壁垒的对策和建议。     

动物福利的国际贸易保障制度 与我国的立法对策

在国际贸易领域,动物福利立法常常被发达国家用于进口贸易的管制,进而成为国际贸易领域的道德壁垒。然而,由于我国缺少动物福利规则,无法以动物福利为由对我国动物产品的进口进行管理,因此失去了一个有效的进口管理手段,我国相关产品也因此在国际市场竞争上处于不对等地位。因此,有必要完善我国的动物福利立法,在国际贸易管理领域建立起适合我国国情的动物福利贸易保障制度,为我国动物及相关产品的进口建立起一道有效的道德防线。     

浅析中国遭遇动物福利壁垒的原因及对策

随着国际经济一体化的发展,整个国际贸易呈现出自由化的趋势.非关税壁垒中的配额、许可证等对各国进出口贸易的影响越来越小.近年来以保护动物和人道主义为口号的动物福利壁垒在国际贸易中初露端倪,并且的确引起了世界范围内的关注.在此笔者拟着重分析中国遭遇动物福利壁垒的原因与对策.     

国际贸易中的动物福利壁垒探讨

动物福利壁垒指的是一国通过设置对待动物的种种福利要求和标准,使得外国产品无法进口或进口受到严格的限制。目前,越来越多的发达国家已经开始运用动物福利条款对国际贸易施加影响。文章对动物福利壁垒的实施特点以及对我国企业产品出口现实和潜在的贸易影响和威胁进行了较为全面地探讨,并在此基础上提出若干对策建议。     

我国农畜产品贸易应对动物福利壁垒探析

在当今的国际贸易中,一种新型的贸易壁垒——动物福利,正在威胁着我国农畜产品对外贸易的发展,通过对动物福利壁垒特点和对我国出口影响的分析,提出相应措施来提高政府和企业的应对能力。     

欧盟动物福利壁垒与中欧贸易发展

欧盟是动物福利最积极的倡导者,已经建立了一套完整的动物福利保护体系。近年来,欧盟将动物福利与贸易相挂钩,构筑了动物福利壁垒体系。本文研究了欧盟关于动物福利的标准和规定,分析了中国动物福利的现状以及动物福利壁垒对中欧贸易发展的影响,并提出中国应对欧盟动物福利壁垒的措施。     

刍议国际贸易中的贸易报复

20世纪 90年代后,随着经济全球化的发展,国际贸易领域中的争端和冲突日益增多,许多国家为了维护自己的经济利益,开始越来越多地采取贸易报复。目前,贸易报复已成为制约国际贸易发展的重要障碍之一,而要减少各国之间的贸易报复,首先需要真正地认识贸易报复。     

国际贸易理论的演进逻辑:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果

国际贸易理论历经古典贸易理论、新古典贸易理论、新贸易理论、新兴古典贸易理论和新新贸易理论五个阶段,主要回答三个基本问题:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果。依据不同的假设,贸易理论对影响贸易的边界条件的解释各不相同,对贸易动因解释也不相同;贸易结构从行业间贸易、行业内贸易发展为企业间贸易,国际贸易正在向全球化下的企业分工演变;贸易结果是国际贸易得以持续展开的效果,生产力提升是最终的结果。基于三个基本问题,比较各种国际贸易理论,揭示各种国际贸易理论的局限性,并做出评价。     

贸易自由化与中性贸易体制

贸易体制中性化是贸易自由化的内在要求，但是，中性化并不等于自由化，贸易自由化必须包括贸易体制中性化和减少贸易干预两个方面。贸易自由化的实质是建立有效的市场经济机制，减少对贸易的行政干预是贸易自由化成功与否的关键所在。     

货物贸易、服务贸易与技术贸易发展趋向

通过对世界货物贸易、世界服务贸易和国际技术贸易这三者的发展状况进行对比分析,考察三者在贸易自由化方面的关系,认为技术贸易自由化的阻力是技术贸易、服务贸易和货物贸易中最小的,且发展最快;服务贸易自由化的阻力又小于货物贸易自由化的阻力,其发展速度快于货物贸易,并据此提出我国应采取的对策建议。     

ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement: Evaluating Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects

The present study attempts to provide insight into the trade creation and trade diversion effects of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in goods, which came into force in 2010. The paper applies a theoretically consistent gravity model and uses empirically robust procedures such as ordinary least squares and pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood in order to analyze the ex post effects of the agreement at an aggregate level. The results reveal that standard gravity variables are statistically significant and report expected signs, yet a reduction in export flows has been observed following the implementation of the free trade agreement, giving rise to pure trade diversion effects.     

Do Trade Agreements Increase Food Trade?

In addition to multilateral trade agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the world has seen a remarkable proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the last two decades. This study investigates whether these multilateral and regional trade institutions increase food trade and bring the world into a freer flow of food. The gravity model of international trade is used for the empirical analysis. The model is developed in a large panel data setting and attempted to address some potential problems in the estimations including multilateral trade resistances, zero trade values and endogeneity. The results suggest that both the WTO and RTAs have delivered significant positive effects on trade among the participant countries, but not food. Only RTAs are found to have increased food trade among the participant countries. However, although on average the WTO is found to have negative implications on food trade, it facilitates the developing countries more than the developed countries.     

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要帮助客户做生意，自己应该成为一个合格的生意人，这样才能引起客户的共鸣和重视，赢得客户的尊重。[编者按]     

Do Trade Agreements Stimulate International Trade Differently? Evidence from 296 Trade Agreements

In a seminal article, Rose (2004) found that the assumed positive impact of the WTO on international trade was questionable. This finding has been scrutinised and modified in subsequent research, using different data sets, econometric methods and separating the WTO from other forms of trade agreements. A key characteristic of the subsequent literature is the rather simplistic way in which trade agreements are treated whereby all trade agreements are lumped together. Trade agreements come, however, in many different forms and shapes. This study addresses these differences in trade agreements. Using a unique database of 296 trade agreements, we distinguish 17 trade‐related policy domains and indicate whether the agreements contain legally enforceable commitments. This extensive and novel taxonomy of trade agreements enables us to allow for the possible heterogeneity of the impact of trade agreements on international trade. Using a gravity model, we find that trade agreement heterogeneity indeed matters for international trade and that countries experience significant trade increases due to comprehensive trade agreements even if not all participants are in the WTO.     

Growth and Trade vs. Trade and Growth

In the traditional trade literature, there is a well-developed area analyzing the effect of growth on trade and its reflection on income growth. This literature developed already in the 1950s and 1960s. Generally speaking, an interest in the effects of trade on growth has also existed for many years, where trade has often been viewed as an engine of growth. Cases in point are the "East Asian Tigers" and Japan which have especially benefited from outward-looking policies. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between economic growth and growth in income terms of trade, arguing that income terms of trade is a useful concept in analyses of the link between trade and growth. Our results suggest that fast-growing countries have either specialized in sectors with a relatively favorable development with regard to world market prices, or they have managed to successively improve quality within sectors, thereby avoiding falling terms of trade in spite of large increases in export volumes.