对经济欠发达地区农村信用社改革的次优解之探讨

经济欠发达地区与经济发达地区的农村信用社改革需要区别对待。经济欠发达地区的种种现实决定了其农村信用社改革只能选择次优方案。而不能追求完美。间接的产权改革、商业化经营、特定时期的垄断(为达到最低规模经济)都是经济欠发达地区农村信用杜改革的理性选择。     

Franchising versus corporate ownership: The effect on price dispersion

This paper uses data on the prices charged at fast-food restaurants in the metropolitan Pittsburgh and Detroit areas to assess the effect of franchising on price dispersion within chains in fairly narrowly defined geographical areas. A review of reasons why firms may face more price dispersion under franchising guides the empirical analyses. Results indicate that 1) franchisors do not aim for fully uniform prices even on the corporate side of their chains, 2) the degree of price dispersion is highest for firms with both franchised and company-owned units, as predicted by models implying a systematic price differential between units operated under these different contracting mechanisms, and 3) price dispersion for fully franchised chains is greater than for fully corporate chains. These last two results, combined with evidence from court cases that franchisors sometimes try to control franchisee prices directly, suggest that franchisors indeed lose some amount of control over prices charged to customers when they use franchising as opposed to corporate ownership. Finally, I find a positive effect of the royalty rate on price dispersion. This suggests that double marginalization is behind at least some of the higher prices found in franchised units in the existing literature.     

Corporate Social Responsibility,Ownership Structure,and Political Interference: Evidence from China

Prior research suggests that ownership structure is associated to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developed countries. This article examines whether and how ownership structure affects CSR in emerging markets using Chinese firms’ social responsibility ranking. Our empirical evidences show that for non-state-owned firms, corporate ownership dispersion is positively associated to CSR. However, for state-owned firms, whose controlling shareholder is the state, this relation is reversed. We attribute the reversed relationship to political interferences and further test this hypothesis by demonstrating that regional economic development is negatively related to CSR for state-owned firms due to decreased political interference in more developed areas. This study is the first to directly examine the relationship between the dispersion of corporate ownership and CSR in emerging markets, and our results depict that it is important to consider ownership type in assessing CSR in emerging market where state ownership is still prevalent such as China. The results also reveal that firm size, profitability, employee power, leverage, and growth opportunity affect CSR in China.     

From a Theory to a Paradigm: Examining the Eclectic Paradigm as a Framework in International Economics

Over the course of a quarter of a century, the eclectic paradigm has derived its strength from being a general framework of analysis that explains the level and pattern of foreign value-added activities of firms, and/or of countries, and allows for the co-existence of complementary and alternative theories in the discipline of international economics in a logically consistent manner without being inextricably wedded to any one particular approach. The current study aims to support such broad theoretical appeal of the paradigm by refining its theoretical interpretations of the concepts of ownership advantages and internalisation. To support its view that asset ownership advantages are both competitive advantages and monopolistic advantages, the theoretical interpretation of asset ownership advantages in the paradigm needs to be broadened from a narrow emphasis on Bain-type monopolistic advantages which enable firms to erect barriers to entry to new competition and exercise monopoly power in final product markets. It must also accommodate the theoretical perception of asset ownership advantages as part of the rivalrous behaviour or competitive process between firms consistent with the approach of Cantillon and the classical economists starting with Adam Smith, the Austrian economists such as Schumpeter and Hayek, as well as Penrose. The eclectic paradigm must also effectively address the important distinction between 'internalisation of ownership advantages or intermediate products' and the 'internalisation of the markets for ownership advantages or intermediate products' within the context of endogenous structural market imperfections in final products and exogenous transactional market imperfections in intermediate products. In clearly distinguishing between the alternative interpretations of the concepts of ownership advantages and internalisation, the paradigm could more effectively synthesise alternative theories of the firm and the multinational corporation in one cogent framework of economic analysis.     

生产商-零售商双边垄断中的所有权配置效应研究

文章在生产-流通-消费框架下,在供零双边垄断这一纵向关系中考虑了所有权配置效应问题。发现所有权配置会对市场绩效或配置效率产生重大影响。均衡分析表明,无论所处哪一个环节,国有企业的存在具有内部化垄断外部性、减轻或消除双重加价、稳定市场均衡价格和销售量的作用。这一模型可为我国在改革开放初期,在流通领域保留部分国有企业,采用渐进式改革提供了一定的理论解释。当市场处于严重的不完全竞争,或生产-流通环节的某一端处于垄断状态时,适当地保留国有企业或对有关企业进行严格监管,有利于整体社会效益的提升和保障消费者的权益。文章从纵向生产和流通关系的角度,在一定程度上证实了我国经济转型过程中部分流通经济学家们曾经提出的“国有商业具有稳定市场作用”的观点。     

On the optimal acquisition of foreign capital through investment of oil export revenues

The subject of the paper is the optimal policy for a national monopoly to follow when the product exported is an essential input for production in the importing country and the exporter wishes to invest the proceeds in the purchase of claims on the capital stock of the importer. A number of alternative optimal solutions are compared with the conventional monopoly solution. The focus is on the deviations from this solution that are induced by the actual or desired ownership of capital in the importing country by the exporter.     

流通垄断的福利经济学分析及其测度

本文主要考察流通垄断的特殊性及其福利经济学测度。流通垄断与生产垄断相比，其垄断行为和垄断结构具有很多特殊性和复杂性。在目前阶段，流通市场的低集中度是制约我国流通产业发展的一个重要原因，大型流通企业之间的合并和重组一方面可以实现流通的规模经济，另一方面又有可能导致垄断程度的提高，本文通过一个简单的流通企业合并模型，从福利经济学的视角探讨了这种合并的两难效应，并进一步分析了此种情形下的反垄断措施。     

The influence of family ownership on SME performance: evidence from public firms in Taiwan

The relationship between family ownership and firm performance has gained increased attention in the business strategy and financial economics literature. Most existing studies use large companies as the research sample; studies that explicitly investigate the influence of family ownership on the performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remain sparse. This study raises this issue explicitly by investigating the influence of founding-family ownership on the return on assets and Tobin’s q of 341 public SMEs in Taiwan, during the period of 2002–2006. It emerges from the data that family ownership is prevalent and substantial in Taiwan, representing half of the public SMEs and accounting for more than 11 percent of their outstanding equity. It was found that the influence of family ownership on SME performance is positive and significant. Overall, the results suggest that family ownership is an effective organizational structure for SMEs in Taiwan.     

Hymer's analysis of the multinational organization: Power retention and the demise of the federative MNE

This paper links Hymer's later contributions to an important aspect of the literature on the management of the MNE- namely- that on the federative MNE. The key point from this literature is that embeddedness in host country networks is potentially a source of strategic power for subsidiaries and thus a serious challenge to the MNE headquarters’ monopoly over strategy. Hymer's analysis, due to the stress that it puts on power, suggests that rather than ‘putting up’ with power dilution, MNEs will seek to reduce the federative nature of multinationality. In this paper we have concentrated on explaining the preponderance of Regional MNEs as an illustration of Hymer's power retention thesis.     

基于科学发展观的垄断行业体制、制度、机制改革

文章论证了科学发展观的作用机理,针对垄断行业存在的体制性问题,提出了从管理体制构建的科学性、管制目标的调整以及产权结构多元化等方面进行改革;分析了垄断行业存在的制度性问题,强调改革的重点要放在强化公司治理的规范性与投资人利益保障的信息披露制度建设上;从定价机制、创新能力集成机制、企业社会回应机制等三个方面探讨了如何按照科学发展观要求进行改革.     

自然垄断行业的技术性垄断与产权非垄断

本文在简要分析自然垄断行业技术性垄断特征的基础上,引入现代产权经济学的有关理论,提出了自然垄断行业的产权非垄断假说,并区分不同情况,认为完全自然垄断行业的进入权、准自然垄断行业的多家企业的进入和适度竞争权以及所有自然垄断行业的经营权都应该按照市场竞争的原则进行配置和交易.文章进一步分析了治理自然垄断的传统方式,从实践上说明其效果并不理想,应该通过自然垄断行业的产权配置与交易治理自然垄断.在此基础上,文章提出了自然垄断行业产权配置与交易的方式,主要有国有经营权的委托授权,国有国营逐步被民营部门取代,所有权意义上的政府撤资退出和市场公开交易等.     

Capital Structure,Management Ownership and Large External Shareholders: A UK Analysis

This paper examines empirically the effects of management ownership and ownership by large external shareholders on the capital structure of the firm from an agency theory perspective. The paper extends the US literature on the topic by examining the effect of interactions between management ownership and ownership by large external shareholders on the capital structure of UK firms. For a sample of UK firms, the paper provides empirical evidence that suggests the debt ratio is positively related to management ownership and negatively related to ownership by large external shareholders. Furthermore, the presence of a large external shareholder acts to negate the positive relationship between debt ratios and management ownership; in the presence of a large external shareholder, no significant relationship between debt ratios and management ownership exists. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the presence of large external shareholders affects the agency costs of debt and equity.     

自然垄断行业中政府角色的转变

自然垄断行业在传统理论下采取政府严格管制 ,由此带来了“政府失灵”现象。现代经济学重新解释了自然垄断行业的经济特征 ,为政府放松管制提供了理论依据。在放松管制中 ,政府需要重新改变在自然垄断行业中的角色。英国电力行业改革中政府与市场关系的构建为我国提供了启示 ,要求政府对自然垄断行业加以区分 ,在不同领域充当不同角色     

Dual Distribution and the Penrose Effect

This paper develops an approach to analyzing an equilibrium in markets where firms can choose dual distribution to sell their products. Dual distribution involves a firm selling its product both through company-owned stores and through independently owned franchises. For a monopoly firm, the use of company-owned stores is assumed to play a number of roles. When the total number of markets is variable, an increase in company-owned stores can signal the quality of the product to potential franchisees, increasing the total number of markets served by the monopolist. Additional company-owned stores may also increase the royalty rate received by the franchisor, as well as increase demand in the local markets. There are limits, however, to the benefits of company ownership, called the “Penrose Effect.” For an equilibrium to exist, the monopoly firm must have no incentive to alter the the number of company-owned stores vis-à-vis franchised stores. The approach taken here yields a number of testable implications, which can form the basis of empirical tests of dual distribution.     

High ownership concentration and exporting of emerging market firms: evidence from Peru

Despite the extraordinarily high ownership concentration widely observed in emerging market firms as a result of institutional voids, there is little research on how this high ownership concentration affects the exporting behavior of emerging market firms. From principal–agent and institutional perspectives, we hypothesize that high ownership concentration has a negative relationship with export intensity, because, in emerging markets, highly concentrated ownership bridges the interests of owners (principals) and managers (agents) so that principals must be prudent in exploring risky international markets. Moreover, we hypothesize that export country diversification strengthens the relationship between ownership concentration and export intensity, because broad geographic dispersion increases risk exposure and principal-agent problems. Empirical analysis based on a panel dataset for publicly listed firms in Peru from 2005 to 2014 supports the hypotheses. The study highlights the risk aversion attitude activated by ownership concentration, an attitude that protects emerging market firms from overconfidently exploring international business opportunities. The study extends the conventional literature on the interface between ownership concentration and international business in an emerging market context. We also discuss the generalizability of the findings to other emerging markets, e.g. China.     

The influence of family ownership dispersion on debt level in privately held firms

The aim of this article is to investigate the financing behavior of privately held firms along the dispersion of family ownership. Drawing on the socio-emotional wealth perspective, we argue that debt levels are contingent on the degree of ownership dispersion among family members. Based on a sample of 2451 observations, in a 10-year time frame, our results reveal the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between debt level and intra-family ownership dispersion. We demonstrate that this relationship is moderated by the generational involvement that inverts it in later generations.     

Domestic firms competing with multinational enterprises: The relevance of resource-accessing alliance formations

The literature includes several papers that compare multinational enterprises (MNEs) to local firms along several dimensions such as financial strength or production capacity. Nevertheless, the focus on how latter firms compete against the former is often missing in the literature; local firms are typically seen as inferior in terms of resources and thus, unable to compete against MNEs. This paper aims at revisiting this competitive ‘battle’. Through a case-based design in a ‘multinational’ domestic market that seems to favour MNEs, we explore how local firms respond to MNEs’ purported superiority. Findings indicate that local firms respond through alliance formations that enable them to access fitting resources and counter ownership advantages of MNEs. Therefore, resource-accessing strategies spearheaded by local firms suggest that ownership advantages should not be inherently translated into competitive advantages for the MNEs. Implications for international business are discussed and avenues for further research are suggested.     

Was the economics of information approach wrong all the way? Evidence from German grocery r(E)tailing

The economics of information approach suggests that as online retailing matures, information asymmetry will enforce the reduction of price dispersion online as providers will operate in conditions close to perfect competition. The internet has already become a part of our life and shopping experience. In Germany, over 20% of all electronic, media and leisure-related products are bought online. The role of digital channels is expected to increase further, especially in the latecomer sectors. Grocery retailing is one of such sectors still in the making and the share of online players in retail revenues is expected to grow drastically by 2020. Since online food retailing has not been studied thoroughly and little is known about price levels and dispersion between online and offline markets, our study fills this gap by showing that despite the theoretical predictions price dispersion exist both between online and offline grocery providers as well as across online retailers.     

论政府规制与中国的行业性行政垄断

中国的行业性行政垄断大多有着“法定垄断”的背景,这使得其改革进程困难重重。鉴于政府规制与行业性行政垄断有着千丝万缕的联系,本文首先对政府规制的基本概念、其存在的理论依据以及实践中的政府规制等问题进行了文献梳理;在对行政垄断的研究现状进行回顾并对其概念做出重新界定的基础上,对行政垄断行业的判定、行政垄断的合理性、行政垄断的形成机制以及改革思路等行业性行政垄断问题进行了政府规制角度的分析。     

基于内生性视角的股权结构与公司绩效关系研究

现有股权结构与公司绩效关系的研究,大都不考虑内生性问题,先验地假定股权结构为外生变量.文章以我国1999-2008年沪、深两市370家上市公司为研究对象,发现股权结构是内生的,它与公司绩效之间是一种互动的双向作用关系,即除了股权结构对公司绩效有显著的促进效应外,公司绩效对股权结构也有着强烈的反馈效应,并且这种反馈效应会随着股权结构指标选取的不同而相差明显.