中国电力市场输电价格的计算

输电价格确定的基本理论根据《电力法》及经济学原理,输电价格应等于输电成本加利润及税金。其中：成本包括输电设备的折旧、维护费、材料费、行政管理费、网损、重新安排发电计划和经济调度的费用、可靠性费用和其它费用;利润及税金应按国家的有关规定计算。由于输电费用的计算方法不同,目前在理论界计算输电价格的方法有以下三种。１－综合成本法综合成本法是根据电网以前的投资数据及年运行成本,计算输电公司在提供输电服务时的总成本,然后在各项贸易中,按照某种原则分摊,在此基础上求解输电价格。在实际使用中,综合成本法分为以…     

采气工程方案经济评价成本研究

以往采气工程方案经济分析只是对采气工程方案各项工艺技术措施、装备和科研等费用概算,以年为时间单位统计计算.但采气工程方案中涉及到的各项费用发生特点不同,以年为单位的笼统概算无法体现各项费用发生特点,进行科学统计.针对该问题,本文提出将采气工程各项费用按照其性质及采气成本各项费用定义归入到相应的采气成本中,依据采气各项成本计费方法计算,从而获得科学准确的采气工程成本费用.     

提高输电线路导线悬挂高度的经济性分析

随着我国经济的快速增长,输电线路走廊的取得日益困难,尤其是上海等经济发达地区建设场地占用及清理费用急剧上升,工程建设成本大幅上涨,严重影响电网建设的经济效益。提高输电线路导线悬挂高度可以缩小线路走廊宽度、减少房屋拆迁和树木砍伐的数量,降低工程成本,同时还可降低电磁污染。从全寿命周期费用管理的角度对提高导线悬挂高度的经济性进行了分析评价。     

施工企业的质量成本核算

一、质量成本在总成本中的地位与作用全面质量管理的中心目标是用最经济的手段,生产用户满意的产品。那么,怎样评价施工企业的建筑产品是否最经济呢?只有当完成一定数量的建筑产品实际发生的生产费用低于工程预算收入时,才能说它是经济的,降低得愈多,就愈经济。成本愈大,收益愈小;成本愈小,收益愈大,这是成本与收益的关系。但是,质量成本与总成本的关系不同,当质量成     

建立输电线路工程经济寿命测算模型

正输电线路是电网工程的重要组成部分,资产所占比例较大,其精益化管理对当前输配电价改革背景下电网公司提高投资效益具有重要作用。从输电线路特点和投资成本角度,采用技术经济理论和区间方法,考虑运行成本不确定风险因素,构建输电线路工程全寿命周期经济寿命优化模型,具有过程简化、计算结果可靠性高等优点,可为电网规划、运维管理和投资决策提供一定的理论支撑。     

设备设施全生命周期经济完整性分析研究

近年来,完整性管理理念与模式作为设备设施管理提升方向呈现出快速发展趋势。通过构建设备设施全生命周期费用计算模型,针对某企业的常减压蒸馏装置开展全生命周期费用计算,并对其经济完整性进行分析,结果显示运行成本高达88%,远高于购置成本。因此在设备设施购置时,不仅要考虑购置成本,还需预测全生命周期发生的费用,才能进一步优化设备设施全生命周期经济性。     

特高压交流输电线路工程岩石锚杆基础施工费用研究

随着特高压交流输电线路走廊及沿线地形地貌、地质等工程条件愈趋复杂,以及环境保护越来越受到重视,岩石锚杆基础因其安全可靠、先进适用,在特高压交流输电线路基础工程中应用面越来越广。因现行电力工程建设概、预算定额与费用计算标准滞后于特高压交流工程新技术应用,目前尚无岩石锚杆群桩基础施工费用标准。本研究结合特高压交流工程岩石锚杆施工方案、工艺标准,并通过实地调研、工序采集、工时测量、理论计算等方式测算了施工人材机消耗量,经数据处理、比较类推、经验估计等方法测算了施工费用标准,建立人材机消耗量配置模型,用于特高压交流工程施工费用标准补充研究。文章对建立特高压交流工程科学定额与费用计算体系、有效控制工程造价及树立特高压交流工程建设标杆具有重要现实意义。     

低碳经济下考虑满意度的冷链路径优化

为了在降低冷链物流配送成本的同时,保证顾客满意度和碳排放成本达到企业的要求。充分考虑客户软时间窗约束、行驶距离、生鲜变质等多重影响因素,构建考虑顾客满意度的低碳冷链物流路径优化模型,结合固定成本、碳排放成本、损坏成本、冷藏成本、运输成本以及时间窗成本,采用遗传算法进行求解,并应用实例加以验证。结果表明,相对于不考虑满意度的路径优化,以总成本为目标的冷链物流路径优化,能够平均减少23 km的运输距离和降低2.72%的配送总成本;同时结果也更优于以低碳为目标的求解。模型在提高顾客满意度的同时,实现了降低配送总成本以及减少物流活动中碳排放的目标。因此,研究为物流运输企业提高服务质量和经济效益提供了有效的技术路线,结果可为冷链物流行业的服务能力提升以及低碳转型发展提供启示,为物流行业的可持续发展研究提供理论参考。     

采油厂油水井作业设计网上运行系统研究与应用

采油厂每年的油水井作业费用一般占全厂总成本的35%左右,是继电费之后的第二大成本支出项目。各种作业设计单主要依赖人工查询填写、计算繁琐、誊写复杂,重复劳动多,严重影响了作业设计的工作效率。     

变革,让人力资本增值

<正>构建现代企业制度下的人工成本控制管理体系可以使人工成本即劳动、人事和分配与经济效益保持合理的比例关系,从而促进经济效益的提高。一、变革,控制人力资本上升所谓人工成本,从其内容上看应包括工资总额、社会保障等费用,主要由三个部分组成:招聘录用成本、使用成本、离职退休成本等。人工成本是总成本的重要组成部分,对总成本影响很大。深化三项制度改革,提高人力资源的效率,必须打     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.