基于企业网络的企业战略变革

随着知识成为企业竞争优势的主导性来源,企业网络也应运而生。知识经济时代的竞争已不再是单个企业之间的竞争,而是企业网络之间的竞争。企业网络的发展使得企业的战略思想开始发生了转变,所以企业必须重新审视自身的战略管理观念和模式。     

高技术新企业创业网络、信息与投资回报——华南地区企业的实证研究

面对高度不确定的全球竞争环境,如何借助外部网络准确和及时的获取信息是高技术新企业提升投资回报的关键。本研究采取整群随机抽样方式,运用来自华南地区的高技术新企业的样本数据,对创业网络、信息及投资回报之间的影响关系进行了实证检验。研究表明,高技术新企业的支持性网络和企业间网络对投资回报具有显著的正向影响。同时信息获取在支持性网络和企业间网络两者与投资回报的关系中分别扮演了完全中介和部分中介的作用,揭示了支持性网络和企业间网络影响高技术新企业的信息获取,进而提升投资回报的影响路径和作用机理。     

Building and sustaining inter-firm networks. Lessons from training and enterprise councils

The academic discussion of business co-operation and networks is often undertaken in fairly abstract terms. The objective of this paper is to add some realism through “on-the-ground” examples of inter-firm networks in which Training and Enterprise Councils (TECS) have acted in a facilitating and supportive capacity. This paper considers the practicalities and problems that TECs, often in the shape of “network brokers”, have encountered in facilitating the building and sustaining of local inter-firm networks, primarily among SMEs, in a number of differing scenarios. It was found that the most effective and sustainable networks are initially based on informal relations, such as those developed through voluntary attendance at “learning” workshops and seminars. As trust emerges and bonds are gradually gained these arrangements may evolve into more formal and long-term associations. It is suggested that the initial focus of projects should consist of expanding the “stakeholder webs” of SMEs through learning networks that focus on building the stock of social capital. Furthermore, gaining sufficient reserves of social capital should be considered prior to the planning of any formal “dotted line” commercial or innovation-based relations.     

Death of linkages in host countries? A firm‐level study on the channels of productivity spillovers in the Malaysian manufacturing sector

Productivity spillovers from multinational corporations (MNCs) to local firms have been an area of keen research interest in developing economics. Claims of positive spillovers in the form of technology transfers have been questionable, in part because of the many ambiguous conclusions obtained. The paper argues that the lack of focus in the mechanisms underpinning spillovers may be one of the reasons for the ambiguity. Using local input–output linkages as the mechanism for technology transfer, this study examines the presence and the enabling conditions for spillovers. Accounting for the variations in firms' characteristics, the findings show that skills‐oriented MNCs participating in international production networks transmit horizontal spillovers to local establishments. Vertical spillovers from MNCs are mostly relevant only to lower‐skilled establishments. For skilled and export‐oriented local establishments, technologies learned from producing for international production networks are more significant than forming linkages with MNCs in the domestic market.     

Second language skills and labor market outcomes: Evidence from the handover of Hong Kong

This paper analyzes the effects of second languages skills on labor market outcomes in Hong Kong. Using data from the Hong Kong Population Censuses, we find that both Mandarin and English language skills are linked to improved labor market performance, and the premiums for English are much larger than those for Mandarin. We further show that the sovereignty transfer of Hong Kong from the UK to China in 1997 has strengthened the positive role of Mandarin and English language skills in finding a job in Hong Kong. The political change has also increased the earnings of people with the ability to speak Mandarin. As a comparison, the earnings premium for speaking English has declined in magnitude after the sovereignty transfer. Investigating into the mechanisms, we show that the rising premiums for Mandarin language skills are operated through choices of occupations and industry sectors. Our findings suggest that important political changes can affect the economic returns to language skills in the labor market.     

企业间关系模式对企业适应性影响分析

目前,许多企业相互间建立起各种各样的关系,以提高适应环境变化的能力。然而,不同的企业间关系模式对企业适应性的影响作用不同,企业面临着关系模式选择的难题。国内外尚未发现有关企业间关系模式对企业适应性影响的深入研究。文章基于不同理论视角先对企业间关系模式进行分类,然后比较它们对企业在特定环境下的生存力、发展能力以及资源利用率的影响程度。结果发现：能使企业双方紧密合作、互换资源、经常互动以及能从整体出发制定战略规划的关系模式,都有利于提高企业的适应性。文章的研究结论为实践中企业选择关系模式提供启发和帮助。     

Connecting capabilities in highly unequal developing countries: The case of the Square Kilometre Array telescope in South Africa

ABSTRACT

Innovation and skills development require interactive capabilities to function effectively. Interactive capabilities mediate between skills supply and skills demand actors in an innovation system, and in the knowledge economy more broadly. This article investigates such interactive capabilities, and the manner in which they facilitate labour market alignment. Within a case-study focus on the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope in South Africa, we investigate how organisational capabilities, structures, and mechanisms facilitate or constrain interaction between the SKA and its network partners, including universities, firms, intermediaries, and a technical college. This illustrates how pockets of excellence within an unequal South African skills and innovation landscape were effectively connected in order to build a critical mass of skills and technologies that were highly competitive on the international stage. This shows how, in highly unequal developing countries, interactive capabilities form a lever for access to the global science and technology frontier.     

Local Action on Labour Market Integration of New Arrivals: Issues and Dilemmas for Policy

The UK government sets the national framework for migration policy, but many issues concerning labour market integration are dealt with locally. The paper outlines increases and changes in the profile of immigration over recent years and reviews the evidence on selected associated issues and dilemmas-particularly barriers to labour market integration associated with English language support, recognition of qualifications and skills, labour market information and knowledge and employers' attitudes.     

Getting a job when times are bad: recruitment practices in Sweden before,during and after the Great Recession

Research on recruitment shows that networks matter and are effective as search channels. The aim of this article is to analyse how recruitment practices varies over time, and specifically, how it has varied before, during, and after the Great Recession 2008–2009. The findings are that recruitment practices change both in the short term, in relation to labour supply, which we can call a cyclical effect, but also in accordance to a long-term, structural effects. Informal recruitment practices, such as recruitment through ‘friends and acquaintances’ and ‘employer made contact’, seem to increase during bad times. In the long run, the recruitment practices ‘direct application’, ‘friends and acquaintances’ and ‘formal private’ increase in relation to recruitment through the Swedish Public Employment Agency (SPEA). A reason for this may be that the labour market in the new knowledge economy demands a heterogenic workforce with high demands on non-cognitive skills and customisation. Here the new network recruitment practices seem to fit in.     

新兴技术创新网络的知识跨界耦合机理研究

随着新兴技术不断涌现并向经济社会各个领域渗透，加快了技术突破和创新扩散，促进了新兴产业与传统产业深度融合。从技术进步与技术价值需要出发，深入分析新兴技术创新网络的知识跨界耦合过程。以华为虚拟现实技术为研究对象，运用专利引文分析和专利共现分析，探索新兴技术创新网络中知识主动吸收和被动扩散的耦合路径，并根据知识表现及定位，将创新网络中新兴技术知识划分为关键知识群和边缘知识群，剖析了知识群的属性和跨界方式。研究发现：新兴技术创新网络的知识跨界耦合过程中形成主动吸收和被动扩散两条路径；通过跨界耦合异质性知识，促使知识群不断扩展，实现资源的融合与整合；关键知识群是新兴技术形成的核心知识，加速技术知识跨界融合，引领技术跨界；边缘知识群涉及非核心知识，衍生出技术创新点，带来更多市场跨界的机会。     

Measuring and assessing the impact of basic skills on labour market outcomes

Although there has been a considerable amount of research relatingmeasures of schooling years, qualifications, or training spellsto workers' labour market success, there has been very littleassessment of the role of more basic literacy and numeracy skills,largely due to problems with measurement and data availability.Yet it is obviously crucial, in an era of apparently risingdemand for skills, that we have evidence on the labour marketvalue of the full range of worker skills, including basic literacyand numeracy. This paper therefore uses data from the NationalChild Development Study and the International Adult LiteracySurvey to fill this gap. Specifically, we use test scores achievedby respondents in both surveys to measure their basic literacyand numeracy skills. We then evaluate the impact of these skillson workers' labour market outcomes, and find clear evidenceof a substantial wage return to such basic skills.     

Strategic planning and industrial policy

The poor performance of British industry in international markets is partly due to a lack of sector strategic planning. Whereas the Thatcher government looks to an unfettering of the market mechanism as the key to industrial recovery, in fact this is contrary to the experience of several other capitalist countries. The role of banks and government agencies in Japan, of inter-firm co-operation in Italy, and of various corporatist instruments in France and Germany, suggest ways in which local enterprise boards could assist the re-structuring of manufacturing industry in Britain.     

中国企业出口市场导向量表的开发与检验

在出口绩效的相关研究中,市场导向被认为是重要的决定因素之一,但文献中缺乏针对中国企业出口市场导向的实证研究。文章在对市场导向的概念和测量问题进行简要的文献综述的基础上,结合定性研究的结果,开发了一套适合中国企业的复合项目量表以测量出口市场导向,检验了其信度和效度,并简要探讨了本研究的意义及其局限性。     

中国企业出口市场导向量表的开发与检验

在出口绩效的相关研究中,市场导向被认为是重要的决定因素之一,但文献中缺乏针对中国企业出口市场导向的实证研究。文章在对市场导向的概念和测量问题进行简要的文献综述的基础上,结合定性研究的结果,开发了一套适合中国企业的复合项目量表以测量出口市场导向,检验了其信度和效度,并简要探讨了本研究的意义及其局限性。     

Averting the construction skills crisis: a regional approach

The East Midlands construction industry is currently suffering from a severe skills shortage across its craft, professional and managerial occupations. The lack of available capacity within the regional labour market coupled with the poor image of the sector, call into question the industry's ability to cope with the levels of new orders and output growth predicted over the next few years. In this paper, it is argued that the casualised nature of the industry's labour market has rendered national, 'top-down' labour market policy measures ineffective in addressing the industry's skills concerns. This hypothesis has been explored through research that canvassed the opinions of key industry stakeholders as to the actions necessary to avert the region's skills crisis. This was achieved through a series of focus groups and workshops involving over 150 individuals with a vested interest in the region's construction skills situation. The insights emerging from the analysis suggested that bespoke regional and sub-regional labour market policies are required to avert the current skills shortage. The recommendations provided by the participants were used as the basis for a strategic package of measures that are currently being implemented across the region's five counties. This strategy aims to join-up hitherto disparate labour market measures within a single centrally coordinated framework. Nevertheless, overcoming the industry's fragmented structure remains an obstacle to resolving successfully the East Midlands' construction skills shortage.     

技术寻求、开放式自主创新与中国企业的海外投资战略

随着经济全球化趋势的加强和企业间竞争程度的加剧，技术优势在企业竞争中的地位急剧上升，技术寻求型对外直接投资现象日益突出。文章分析了企业通过技术寻求型FDI来获取先进技术初始产权的途径，并提出我国企业实施技术寻求型FDI战略的对策建议。     

资源型企业核心竞争力选择与培育

核心竞争力的本质是企业特有的知识和技能,是企业有关知识及知识管理的一个综合体。文章分析了资源型企业的特点,从技术创新能力、管理水平、环境与生态保护、企业文化等方面阐述了如何选择资源型企业核心竞争力,并从理念和途径两个方面具体讨论了资源型企业核心竞争力培育与形成中的一些重要问题。     

展会组织网络：基于两种基本组织网络的治理分析

科层、市场和和网络成为网络治理的三大治理机制.展会活动融入了多种类型的组织活动,是一种复杂的组织网络活动.我国展会领域存在政府型组织网络与市场主导型组织网络.两者在治理机制的运行、组织结构及组织间关系等方面存在较大差异.后一种组网络更符合网络治理的发展趋势,但是前者在中国渐进式改革进程的制度变迁环境中也具有一定的历史合理逻辑,转变自身也应符合这一制度变迁逻辑进行.     

Local economies and business networks re-visited. A case study of business and professional services in London

This article describes networks among business and professional services (BPS) firms in London, and deals with the relationship between the businesses interviewed and their locality. The article is based on empirical material derived from a large number of interviews with BPS firms in central London. It is noted that lateral links between firms are poor, relationships are better characterised as competitive rather than co-operative, and businesses tend to take little interest in the various support agencies. Although all the businesses interviewed placed great emphasis on the development of close, co-operative relationships with clients, markets are geographically diffuse. However, despite the weakness of localised, inter-firm links, businesses were able to identify a number of valuable and distinctive assets attached to their current location, which implies that the “local economy” continues to be important. The article finishes briefly with some implications for local economies and appropriate methods of business support.