我国金融机构尾部风险影响因素的非线性研究——来自面板平滑转换回归模型的新证据

“十三五”期间,我国防范化解金融风险攻坚战取得决定性成就,而在“十四五”规划开局之际,我国的金融风险形势面临新的挑战,防范风险仍是金融业的永恒主题。在此背景下,本文采用相对重要性分析技术方法,考察机构规模以及相关基本面因素对我国上市金融机构尾部风险的贡献程度。接着,本文结合边际效应分析技术考察机构规模对风险的异质性效应,深入分析“太大而不能倒”假说在中国的适用性。在此基础上,进一步运用前沿的面板平滑转换估计模型,研究机构规模与尾部风险的非线性关系,并分析基本面因素对该异质性效应的影响力度。研究结果表明,我国上市银行等金融机构规模的增加能够有效缓释我国金融系统的尾部风险,但该影响效应将随着特许权价值、资产质量、杠杆水平、成本水平、收入结构、贷款结构等基本面指标的变化而出现显著的非线性转变。在此基础上,对强化我国金融系统中的风险防控薄弱环节、提高金融机构的风险吸收能力提出建议,以期为我国深化金融业改革开放、推动高质量发展提供理论分析与实证检验的参考依据。     

财政政策引导金融机构支农有效吗?——涉农贷款增量奖励政策的效果评价

财政支农与金融支农的协调配合是当前国家支农和减贫的重要政策创新之一。县域金融机构涉农贷款增量奖励政策自2009年起在全国部分省区进行了多轮试点,是一项利用财政手段引导金融资源向农村配置的重要举措。基于我国各地区农业经济发展数据,本研究采用渐进双重差分方法评估涉农贷款增量奖励政策是否促进了我国农业经济的发展。实证结果显示:在控制气候条件、要素投入、地方支农财政支出、地方金融发展和农业产业化等变量后,涉农贷款奖励政策显著激励了各地区粮食产量和农民收入的增长,即用财政政策引导金融机构支农确实促进了我国农业经济的发展。一系列检验证明估计结果是稳健的,且由于地方财政分担比例不同等原因导致涉农贷款奖励政策对中西部地区的影响更为明显。机制分析发现,奖励政策主要是通过提高农业机械化水平和优化农村交通基础设施的方式促进了农业经济发展。本研究表明应继续推进财政引导金融支农的政策,为振兴乡村战略提供更多支撑。     

Political institutions and bank risk-taking behavior

This paper examines the impact of political institutions on bank risk-taking behavior. Using an international sample of banks from 98 countries over the period 1998–2007, I document that sound political institutions stimulate higher bank risk-taking. This is consistent with the hypotheses that better political institutions increase banks’ risk by boosting the credit market competition from alternative sources of finance and generating the moral hazard problems due to the expectation of government bailouts in worst economic conditions. While it is contrary to the hypotheses that better political institutions decrease banks’ risk by lowering the government expropriation risk and the information asymmetries between banks and borrowers. The results are robust to a number of sensitivity tests, including alternative proxies of bank risk-taking and political institutions, cross-sectional bank- and country-level regressions, endogeneity concerns of political institutions, country income levels, explicit deposit insurance schemes and sample extension from 1998 to 2014. I also examine the interdependence between political and legal institutions and find that political and legal institutions complement each other to influence bank risk-taking behavior.     

经济欠发达地区农村金融与农村经济发展实证研究——以广西为例

农村经济的发展,离不开金融的支持.文章选取1991～2009年广西农村相关经济变量年度数据,运用现代计量经济学方法进行了实证分析.认为农业信贷支持了广西农村经济的发展,但力度还有待进一步提高,利率与农村人均纯收入、农业总产值、农村劳动生产率三个变量表现出正相关性,说明提高农村金融机构的积极性极其重要.接着对农业经济增长金融排斥程度进行了测算,最后就广西农村金融如何更有效地支持农村经济发展提出了相应的政策建议.     

金融发展理论国外研究的最新进展

金融发展理论已经由早期的以新古典经济学为基础的M-S范式经由以内生增长理论为基础的内生金融发展理论发展到以新制度经济学、新政治经济学为基础的新制度金融发展理论。金融发展理论的研究范围已经由发展中国家(或地区)扩展到各种类型的国家(或地区),研究内容从发展中国家如何通过金融深化促进经济增长扩展到金融中介、金融市场如何产生和发展,从发展中国家的金融结构问题扩展到不同金融体系的比较上,从具体的金融机构观扩展到一般的金融功能观,从研究金融发展与经济增长关系这样的显在问题深入到研究金融(自身的)发展规律等潜在问题,进而由仅考虑经济变量扩展到考虑正式制度变量再发展到考虑非正式制度变量,诸如历史、文化、宗教和社会习俗等制度背后更深层面的因素,由把制度变量当作外生变量处理发展到把制度视作经济体系的演化博弈的内生过程。     

Distinguishing between loans and equity investments: Substance over form

The distinction between debt and equity is critical in determining both the issuer's and investor's incomes. In the past, financial institutions frequently accelerated income by reporting interest income on financing arrangements even when the financial institution retained substantially all of the risks of ownership. Regardless of the terminology used in the financing agreement, current accounting standards do not permit accrual of interest on such transactions. Financial institutions are required to report such arrangements as equity investments unless the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the developer. This case uses an acquisition, development, and construction arrangement between a developer and savings and loan to allow students to evaluate the following issues: (1) the timing of income from lending activities contrasted with the timing of income from equity investments; (2) the party to which the risks and rewards of ownership accrue; and (3) accounting pronouncements as responses to previous reporting practices that failed to portray accurately underlying economic events.     

Is current institutional quality linked to legal origins and disease endowments? Evidence from Africa

This paper empirically assesses if and to what extent cross-country differences in institutions inherited from the past affect current institutional quality in Africa. Specifically, the work evaluates if legal origins and disease endowments explain cross-country differences in the quality of contemporary institutions that are widely considered to be important for financial system development and other economic outcomes, such as those related to creditor rights protection and the credit information infrastructure, as well as the judicial, legal property and insolvency systems. Empirical tests are carried out on a sample of 46 African former European colonies with data on current institutional quality from 2004 to 2013. The findings reveal that the legal origins hypothesis receives strong support in the data: historical factors, rooted in legal origins, have long-lasting effects on current institutional quality in the African context. Mixed evidence is instead found for the endowment view.     

发达国家和发展中国家财政政策顺周期问题的研究与借鉴

国外关于发达国家和发展中国家财政政策顺周期问题的研究结果表明:(一)发达国家财政政策具有温和的逆周期性,即在经济上升期增加收入、减少支出、在经济下滑期减少收入、增加支出;也有一些研究成果认为发达国家的财政收入、财政支出具有顺周期性。(二)发展中国家财政收入、财政支出等政策变量,在经济上升期,具有快速增长的顺周期性;在经济下滑期,具有快速减少的顺周期性。     

财政赤字的风险损益分析

财政赤字风险将引起收入分配不公 ,降低资本的效率和减少储蓄 ,危害物价稳定 ,引起各经济主体对赤字的路径依赖并损害经济增长的质量和可持续性。但财政赤字也会带来经济增长和经济结构优化的风险收益。评价和选择财政赤字政策时 ,必须比较赤字的风险收益和风险损失 ,以获取财政赤字风险净收益最大化。     

How do financial globalization,institutions and economic growth impact financial sector development in European countries?

This paper examines the role of financial globalization, institutions and economic growth on the development of financial sector in European countries. We use panel data covering the period of 1989−2016. Using the composite index of financial development covers various dimensions of financial market, that is, depth, access and efficiency and four-way classification of institutions as suggested by Rodrik (2005) and Law et al. (2018), the empirical results indicate that economic growth and institutional quality are positively associated with financial development. Contrarily, financial globalization hinders the process of financial sector development. The results are robust to using alternative proxies of economic growth, institutional indicators and capturing the period of financial crisis. These empirical findings suggest policy guidelines to develop financial sector by using globalization, institutional quality and economic growth as economic tools.     

Borrower and neighborhood racial and income characteristics and financial institution mortgage application screening

Disparities in mortgage lending patterns between minority and nonminority neighborhoods have refocused attention on the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), a statute designed to encourage lending by financial institutions to nearby lower income neighborhoods. Geographic disparities may derive from discrimination, neighborhood and borrower attributes, as well as regulation itself. This article examines possible spatial impacts of the CRA. Tests for differential lender screening across regulated and nonregulated institutions in five metropolitan areas provide no consistent findings of regulatory effects. The article also tests whether lower income and minority applicants are more likely to be accepted when they apply for loans in lower income and minority neighborhoods. Using data for Boston, evidence is found for concentration effects that may result from institutional factors, information economies, or regulation.     

The German Capital Markets Model Case Act (KapMuG): a European role model for increasing the efficiency of capital markets? Analysis and suggestions for reform

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of the sovereign credit ratings provided by the three major rating agencies: Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard and Poor. A principal component analysis is employed in order to identify the common factors affecting these ratings. The impact of the variables correlated with these factors on ratings is then assessed through an ordered logistic model. Results show that sovereign ratings are mostly influenced by per capita income, government income, real exchange rate changes, inflation rate and default history. The study also highlights the importance of corruption, as measured by Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, which appears as a proxy for both economic development and the quality of the governance of a country.     

后改革时期中国农村金融体系发展的战略定位

中国后改革时期农业经济发展的不平衡,即二元经济结构的存在,决定了区域金融市场的二元化。从后改革时期农村金融发展的现实来看,中国农村金融体系已无法满足不同地区不同收入的农户多元化、多层次的金融需求。后改革时期农村金融体系的定位,其核心不是农村金融机构设置的多元化,而是适应不同收入阶层的农户在不同经济发展阶段上的金融需求,建立“城乡协调、统筹兼顾、资金回流、扶助三农”的农村金融体系,最终实现农村金融的全面、协调、可持续发展。     

Islamic Banking: How Has It Expanded?

We investigate the determinants of the pattern of Islamic bank expansion around the world using country-level data for 1992-2006. The analysis illustrates that income per capita, share of Muslims in the population, and economic integration with Middle Eastern countries are linked to the development of Islamic banking. Interest rates have a negative impact, while the quality of institutions is not found to be significant. The September 11, 2001, attacks were not a major factor in the expansion of Islamic banking, but they coincided with rising oil prices. Islamic banks also appear to be complements to, rather than substitutes for, conventional banks.     

Poverty and progress: choices for the developing world

Some development strategists equate progress with economic growth and others consider increased equity in income distribution or a reduction in poverty as indicators of progress. This report examined the empirical relationship between economic growth and income distribution using data derived from a number of recent comparative studies. Various studies supported the Kuznets hypothesis, which states that during the early phases of development income distribution worsens and improves during the later phases. These studies demonstrated that as per capita income increases in poor countries, income distribution worsens until the per capita income reaches the $800 level. After that level is reached, income distribution generally improves. In a study of 11 countries, the relationship, in recent years, between income growth for the rich and for the poor, and income growth for the country as a whole was examined. Of the 11 countries, Taiwan, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Korea, and Costa Rica were ranked as good performers, since more than 30% of the increment in national income was allocated to the poorest 60% of the population. The countries of India, Philippines, Turkey, and Colombia were ranked as intermediate performers since 20-30% of the increment in national income went to the poorest 60%. Poor performance countries were Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. In these countries less than 20% of the income increment was allocated to the poorest 60%. A table provided comparative national income and income distribution data for the 11 countries. These findings did not permit an assessment of different development strategies; however, they did indicate that: 1) some countries, such as Taiwan, Yugoslavia, and Korea, achieved both rapid growth and greater income distribution equity; and that 2) although some countires, such as Sri Lanka, which stressed equity, grew less rapidly than other countries, such as Mexico, which stressed economic growth, the poor fared much better in the former countries than in the latter countries. The conclusion was reached that proverty must be reduced by: 1) improving income distribution; 2) promoting economic growth; and 3) reducing population growth. Efforts must be directed toward preventing the poor from falling behind the rich as development proceeds.     

Bank loan-loss provisions and the income-smoothing hypothesis: An empirical analysis, 1976–1984

This article tests an income-smoothing hypothesis for a sample of 106 large bank holding companies for the period 1976 to 1984. Our focus is on the behavior of the provision for loan losses as a function of bank income and alternative measures of business conditions likely to affect loan portfolio risk-taking or quality. Using an econometric model with pooled time-series, cross-sectional data, we find evidence of income-smoothing behavior over our test period. Our dummy-variable models indicate that regional banking companies tend to engage in income smoothing more than money-center banks. Alternative motivations for income-smoothing behavior, which include bank regulatory policy, risk management, agency theory, and compensation policy, are explored and their policy implications considered.     

The relationship between finance and growth in China

We examine the non-linearity between financial development and economic growth in China. Specifically, we use a threshold model to investigate whether provinces with high level of personal income can exploit financial development efficiently. Empirical analysis, using cross-provincial data from 1978 to 2010, shows that finance has a strong positive influence on growth in high-income provinces, but a strong negative impact on growth in low-income provinces. The results are robust to an alternative financial development measure. Furthermore, we find that China's state sector, notorious for inefficiency and low productivity, accounts for a large proportion of industrial output in low-income provinces, causing bank loans to have a negative impact on economic growth.     

Investigating the Impact of Income on Savings Using a Chinese Household Level Dataset

This article uses the China Household Financial Survey (CHFS) to examine the savings behavior of Chinese Households. Using a standard cross-sectional empirical approach to modeling permanent and transitory income, we show that one way of explaining the relative high savings rate in China is by recognizing that in fast growing economies, individuals may have higher transitory income from which they save a large proportion. The estimation also contains a range of household specific variables which can be used to understand the impact of socio-economic characteristics such as urban vs rural dwelling, age, and the educational level.     

对我国个人收入分配差距扩大的思考

正确认识现阶段我国个人收入分配差距,防止收入分配的两极分化,是直接关系到能否保持国民经济持续健康发展,实现共同富裕的重大战略问题。解决个人收入差距扩大问题,应从优化制度安排、促进经济发展、改变二元经济结构、完善社会保障体系等方面采取有效措施。     

中国财政改革与经济增长实践

基于内生增长理论分析改革开放后历次财政变革与经济增长关系,并利用协整与回归分析检验该关系.结果表明:中国财政与经济增长具有长期稳定关系;前期财政变革强调财政激励效应,为中国市场经济奠定了制度基础;后期财政变革强调稳态增长效应,这使中央财政需有稳定财源,以保证其外部性生产要素充分供给;相比于地方财政的收敛增长效应,中央财政体现出稳态增长效应.