矿业租税制度比较与改革建议

在国外的矿业租税制度中,权利金是矿产资源生产权利的主要表现形式,在矿业税制的制定与实施中融入矿产资源勘查开采激励制度。我国矿业租税制度在演化过程中出现了异化,表现在资源税与地租理论的解释不符,矿产资源补偿费经济利益关系体现不到位,矿业权价格严重异化。推动资源税费制度改革,要理顺经济关系,同时协调推进资源税费制度改革。加快推进矿产资源补偿费制度改革,明确矿业权价款和使用费性质以及改革价款和使用费制度,建立资源超额租金税制度。     

论集体土地征收与入市增值收益分配的协调

研究目的：探讨新《土地管理法》实施背景下集体土地征收与集体经营性建设用地入市土地增值收益分配的协调与衔接。研究方法：法律文本分析、法律规范解释和数据比较分析。研究结果：集体经营性建设用地入市制度建立之后,其所形成的市场价格会对集体土地征收补偿领域所设定的“区片综合地价”构成挑战,进而会在集体土地入市和集体土地征收两个领域形成不同的土地增值收益分配结果。研究结论：征收集体建设用地应当适用市场价格进行补偿;征收集体农用地的“区片综合地价”应当以“规划所允许的最佳用途”为基础进行测算;国家通过土地增值税、企业所得税、个人所得税等税收方式分享土地增值收益,为此,国家应尽快完善土地税收等配套性制度,省级人民政府则应合理设定本区域的“区片综合地价”标准,防止因为土地入市和土地征收增值收益分配不均引发大规模社会风险。     

Reconsidering royalty and resource rent taxes for Australian mining

It is argued that a comparative assessment of a royalty and a resource rent tax as a special tax on the Australian mining industry should recognise the following: the importance of quasi‐rents earned on investments which shift out the mining supply curve over time, the dominance of nonresidents as buyers and as shareholders, and available data on relative costs for mines with more and less favourable natural resource endowments. Comparable tax rates for the two special taxes to generate similar government revenue are derived. For approximate revenue neutral taxes, the efficiency and distributional effects of the royalty and resource rent tax options are assessed and compared. In terms of efficiency, the superiority of one over the other is ambiguous because of imperfect knowledge about key parameters. In terms of returns to Australia, and in particular the aggregate of transfers from nonresident shareholders and export buyers, both provide similar outcomes.     

Incidence of Russian log export tax: A vertical log-lumber model

In 2007, Russia imposed an ad valorem tax on its log exports that lasted until 2012. In this paper, we use a Muth-type equilibrium displacement model to investigate the market and welfare impacts of this tax, utilizing a vertical linkage between log and lumber markets and considering factor substitution. Our theoretical analysis indicates that, without considering the vertical linkage, the negative effects of log export tax on equilibrium price for log producers is underestimated when logs and processing services are gross substitutes, and the direction of bias is uncertain when they are gross complements. Empirical simulations show that the burden of Russian log export tax is shared almost equally between foreign log buyers and domestic log producers and that the tax increases domestic lumber production. Further, the marginal effect of the log export tax on domestic lumber production decreases as Russian domestic demand share of logs increases. Overall, the welfare gains for Russian lumber consumers, lumber producers in the form of quasi-rents to processing services, and tax revenue exceed the loss in its logging sector.     

Tax mix change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions*

A pollution tax or emissions trading scheme places a price on greenhouse gas emissions. This price also is an additional indirect tax and a government revenue windfall. To restore distributional equity, to avoid compounding the efficiency costs of existing distorting taxes and to maintain macroeconomic stability, it is argued that most of the revenue windfall be recycled to households as lower income tax rates and higher social security payments. As the carbon price rises over time, new and larger tax mix change packages will be required.     

物业税对我国不动产税收体系科学性影响研究

本文是基于物业税即将作为一个新的税种引入我国税收结构的前提，探讨其与我国现有的不动产税收结构的关系，进而来分析其征收对我国目前不动产税收体系科学性的影响。具体是对已有税种构成、纳税主体、税负水平及课税范围科学性的影响。同时，在文中也强调了物业税的征收对我国税收体系重构的影响。     

Western Canadian producers’ attitudes towards wheat breeding funding

In 2017, the federal government initiated national consultations for two new crop royalty systems that could be used to support additional crop breeding. In this study, we examine wheat growers’ attitudes towards breeding research and assess their inclination to contribute more to wheat variety development through checkoffs or enhanced royalties. We report a random effect probit estimation for a survey of 877 western Canadian wheat producers that took place from November 2018 to January 2019. We found at least 26% of survey respondents were willing to pay more to support additional wheat breeding. However, this support is contingent on the model for revenue collection and where additional revenue is invested. Producers generally favored increased checkoffs over enhanced royalty collection. Among the royalty options presented, the farm saved seed royalties mechanism had less support than the simpler to implement end-point royalties mechanism. We also found support is much higher if new royalty mechanisms are used to support university or government programs versus private breeding programs. This result suggests developing widespread producer support for enhanced royalty collection may require broader commitments for funding, ownership, and control of crop breeding programs.     

我国资源税改革问题研究

2011年11月1日起,新的《中华人民共和国资源税暂行条例》正式施行,我国资源税改革踏上新的征程。但我国现行资源税仍存在征税范围较窄、计税方式不完善、资源价格形成机制无法与资源税改革相适应、资源税税收收入归属不科学等问题,因此,资源税改革必须向纵深化推进。应该扩大征税范围、推进从价计征方式的使用、推进资源性产品价格改革、实现资源税税收收入中央与地方共享。     

后"土地财政"时代地方财政收入行为风险研究——基于财政社会学的视角

在土地需求能力和供给成本的相互作用下,地方财政的土地出让金收入依赖于节节攀升的房价,土地性税收依赖于活跃的楼市交易.后土地财政时代地方政府财政收入行为中最具风险的行为是扩大拆迁规模、过度举债和滥用税收排斥,在维系租金型收入制度的同时.滥用公债型收入制度、损害税收型制度.应建立地方税体系缓解地方财政收入冲动.同时要限制城...     

资源税和补偿费理论辨析

本文从对土地的剩余征税说起,准确地分析了地租和土地税的征收主体、征收对象、征收依据、征收目的.进而把土地与矿产作类比,深入浅出地说明了由于资源(土地、矿产)所有者不同,决定的地租(矿租)和土地税(矿产税)的征收主体、征收对象、征收依据、征收目的存在与否及其差异.明确指出资源税没有立税的理论依据,补偿费理论解释存在错误,建议取消资源税和现在的补偿费,设立权利金制度.     

Crop Insurance in a Political Economy: An Alternative Perspective on Agricultural Policy

Lawmakers often subsidize farmers in times of financial distress. This article models this political impulse as a constraint on government farm policy, describing how ex ante government farm insurance can deter ex post "disaster relief" and improve production incentives by countering the moral hazard that otherwise prevails. Absent ex ante government policy, ex post relief takes the form of revenue insurance, which prompts excessive entry into farm production and under-production by operating farmers. Ex ante government policy can raise economic and political welfare by buying out low productivity farmers and offering profitable farmers a combination of revenue insurance, price supports, and a program participation fee.     

Lease allocation systems,risk aversion and the resource rent tax

This article examines the case of a risk-averse mining firm facing a resource rent tax in order both to incorporate the role of the risk-sharing quality of such a tax and to assess its implications given a government’s lease allocation system. The model develops the conditions required for an investment-neutral RRT characterised by a threshold rate of return (r) and a rate of tax (t) and suggests that for an auction system of lease allocation, government revenue could be maximised by setting the tax rate below 100 per cent, but that for a discretionary system, it is in the government’s interest to introduce an RRT which is effectively rate-of-return regulation.     

Impact of export upgrading on tax revenue in developing and high-income countries*

Empirical studies usually analyse the relationship between an economy’s trade sector and tax revenue in developing countries through the effect of trade liberalization on tax revenue. This paper takes a different angle by examining the impact of export upgrading strategies (export diversification and improvement in export quality) on non-resource tax revenue. The panel data-set covers a sample of 172 countries, including both developed and developing countries, spanning the period 1980–2010. The analysis is conducted both on the entire sample and sub-samples. The findings indicate that export product upgrading exerts a positive and significant effect on non-resource tax revenue, including for the sub-samples considered, with the exception of low-income countries for which we observe mixed results. Moreover, countries which upgrade their export products in a context of trade openness consistently experience higher non-resource tax revenue, both in the short and long term.     

商业性矿产资源勘查项目中营业税筹划

地勘单位商业性矿产资源勘查项目越来越多,其间的涉税问题也随之增多。减轻税负,提高效益,进行税收筹划是一个有效的途径。根据国家的税收规定,结合实例,商业性矿产资源勘查项目税收筹划,主要是工程施工分包的税收筹划,资源技术开发(服务)的税收筹划。地勘单位在税收筹划时,应当先树立诚信纳税意识,在税法规定的范围内,依法进行税收筹划,以降低税负、提高效益。切不可滥用税务政策,误入偷税漏税的歧途。     

地方政府非税收入及其征管研究

十余年来,地方非税规模便在非规范的条件下急速膨胀,目前已在地方财政收入中占据着半壁江山。对我国地方非税收入规模和征管两方面进行分析,发现地方非税存在法制欠缺、规模过大、征管透明度低等问题,因此应尽快形成非税收入法律配套体系,加强非税征管电子化进程改革地方税体制,推广地方PPP模式的运用。     

Evaluation of the Influence of Agricultural Price Policy on Cotton Production in Côte-d'Ivoire

In this paper the impact of the cotton pricing policy of the marketing board of Côte-d'Ivoire is investigated. A theoretical model is developed to derive the price level which maximizes revenue generated from the marketing board's cotton transactions. A dynamic cotton supply function was estimated and used to compute elasticities. The estimates indicate that farmers in the Country response to price changes and that the pricing policy of the marketing board has been consistent with an objective of generating revenue for the government.     

构建我国房地产税基评估体系的若干思考

当前房地产税收制度改革是社会关注的焦点问题,要完善房地产税收制度,一个突出的问题就是如何构建房地产税基评估体系。我国要顺利开展房地产税基评估工作,就要建立一套科学的适合我国国情的房地产税基评估体系。我国房地产税基评估体系的主要内容包括相关法律制度、评估主体、基本思路、技术标准和评估方法及模型的构建与数据库系统等方面。     

Cost of abating excess nitrogen on wheat plots in France: An assessment with multi-technology modelling

We use a multi-equation model of polluting technologies to evaluate excess nitrogen's marginal abatement cost (MAC). The MAC is estimated using the convex non-parametric quantile regression. The empirical application is conducted at the plot level for wheat production in France in 2017. Results show a median shadow price for excess nitrogen of about €21 per kilogram. If the current European Union's Nitrates Directive (which sets a 170-kg constraint on organic nitrogen per hectare) were extended to mineral nitrogen, this would allow a reduction of total excess nitrogen by 9.5%, but this would be accompanied by a 3.1% decrease in wheat revenue.     

湖南省稻谷生产收益及其影响因素的实证研究

基于稻谷生产实际收益的视角,依据1993—2017年湖南省统计数据,对稻谷生产收益与其主要影响因素之间的关系进行了协整检验,并考察分析了各因素对于稻谷生产收益的影响方向及其程度.结果表明:影响每亩减税实际纯收益变动的首要因素是每50 kg主产品实际平均出售价格,且为正向影响;次要因素是每亩实际总生产成本,为反向影响;而...     

Taxing Snack Foods: Manipulating Diet Quality or Financing Information Programs?

This paper investigates consumers' likely response to a proposed tax on snack foods that addresses public health issues generated by rising U.S. obesity rates. We estimate demands for particular snack foods and show they are price inelastic after accounting for quality variation. We calculate impacts of a range of ad valorem taxes on the demand for salty snack food. The impacts on dietary quality are small, and negligible at the lower tax rates. If taxes were earmarked for funding information programs, as several proponents suggest, taxes would generate a revenue stream the public health community could use for nutrition education.