The evolution of the industrial organisation of the production of knowledge

This work elaborates the notion of localised technological knowledge,based upon the distinction between information, competence andknowledge, and analyses the emergence of the new knowledge industry.The evolution of the organisation of knowledge production isanalysed through four stylised modes: scientific entrepreneurship,institutional variety, vertical integration and technologicalcooperation. The new trends towards the growth of knowledge-intensivebusiness service industries are detected and underlined. Theyare considered as the outcome of the institutional formationof a market for knowledge based upon a process of increasingappropriability of localised knowledge based on: the blendingof generic scientific information and competence and growingscope of applicability via computer-communication systems; deverticalisationof research activities from the boundaries of corporations;the specification of a demand for technological competence;and the specialising of independent firms in the productionof technological competence and knowledge.     

The Localisation Of Corporate Technological Trajectories In The Interwar Cartels: Cooperative Learning Versus An Exchange Of Knowledge

By itself, an exchange of knowledge between complementary activities is inadequate to bring the localised technological specialisation of firms closer together, but cooperative 1earning tends to like the technological profile of partner companies more closely cornplementary Interwar cartels in the electrical equipment industry were restricted to an exchange of knowledge at the corporate group level, but in chemicals they sometimes included cooperative Learning. US patent data for the interwar period arc used to construct a measure of the pattern of the localised technological trajectories of the largest US and European firms. Cartels had a limited impact on the overall level of research or the propensity to patent ar the corporate group level. hut cooperative learning made the technological trajectories of chemical firms more similar or closely complementry. Instend. electrical equipment firms became more localised in their learning, paths, by separating products while exchanging knowledge between activities that remained complementary. The findings are relevant to the study of current technological cooperation through inter-firm alliances.     

Localised appropriability: pecuniary externalities in knowledge exploitation

Pecuniary externalities are crucial in shaping the strategies for the valorisation of the distinctive competences and the economic success of innovative firms. The analysis of conditions for localised knowledge appropriation and exploitation makes it possible to identify idiosyncratic production factors. The introduction of directed technological change biased towards their intensive usage provides the opportunity for the exploitation of technological knowledge.     

技术创新与知识产权保护的互动性研究

随着知识经济时代的到来,技术创新与知识产权保护问题日益得到重视。知识产权保护制度既是保护科学技术和文化艺术成果的重要法律制度。也是我国衡量企业技术创新的重要政策工具。分析了技术创新对知识产权制度的建立和发展的推动作用。同时也阐述了知识产权制度对促进企业技术创新具有重大作用。针对这些问题本文提出了一些相应的对策和建议。     

Transfer sciences and the Austrian system of innovation

This paper attempts to outline the technological position of Austria, its catching up process following World War II and the national system of innovation. Furthermore the process of knowledge production and application in a national system of innovation is highlighted. Austria went through a rapid catching up process after the second world war. The industrial structure of Austria has improved in the sense that the importance of the basic goods sector has continuously diminished whereas medium and high-tech activities have been enforced. Simultaneously, the technological position measured in R&D expenditures and patent grants has also improved. Three possible modes of knowledge production (i.e. interaction between universities and industry) in the national system of innovation can be distinguished: classical relationships, co-operative relationships and transfer sciences. Transfer sciences offer new options for science and technology policy and challenge the more traditional modes of knowledge production.     

创新生态视角下技术资本化机制研究

科学技术在国民经济中扮演的角色越来越重要，从原本仅作为提高劳动生产率的手段，变为一种具有高度独立性的经济要素，即技术资本。促进技术知识向技术资本转化，需要一定的创新生态环境支持，这种环境包括技术成果积累、专利制度保障、专利产权实施以及来自政府、企业和全社会的创新资本投入。只有在多种环境要素共同作用下，技术作为资本的价值属性才能够被激发出来并服务于国民经济。     

科技体制改革对省级创新体系绩效的影响——基于2011—2019年省际面板数据

2015年我国开启深化科技体制改革,关于这种实验主义创新治理能否转化为实际治理效能,其对中国特色创新体系建设的推动效果如何,目前鲜有文献从实证角度进行研究。基于2011—2019年我国内地31个省（市区）面板数据,运用分组分析法考察科技体制改革实施效果。研究结果表明：科技体制改革对知识创新体系中高校与研发机构相互提升的促进作用显著;科技体制改革强化了企业技术创新需求对高校、研发机构等知识创新体系创新绩效提升的拉动作用;高校和研发机构等知识创新体系主体供给侧投入增加,未对企业新产品销售收入产生促进作用;高校、研发机构基础研究经费投入的边际产出低于企业。     

基于产业创新系统的中、印、日技术赶超案例分析

通过回顾产业创新系统理论的研究文献,发现可将影响产业技术赶超路径的因素分为3个层面——知识技术、参与主体以及制度法规。结合产业技术赶超的作用路径,构建了机制模型,并以印度制药产业、中国生物产业、日本电子产业为例展开分析。结果表明:不同产业对知识技术投入、参与主体协同、制度法规制定的倚重程度不同;只有根据各产业的特点来选择技术赶超路径,才能充分发挥产业创新系统的驱动作用,实现技术赶超。     

技术融合对现代制造企业创新绩效的影响：知识基的中介效用

新兴产业普遍呈现出技术融合的趋势,融合创新已经成为把握产业未来发展先机的重要方式,提升响应技术融合的能力是现代制造业企业持续创新亟需考虑的问题。基于技术融合的专利网络特征归结出实践中的三类技术融合形式,应用负二项回归模型对我国汽车制造业上市公司财报和专利数据进行实证分析,探索技术融合对企业创新绩效的影响。研究发现,制造企业实施中介、接近、聚类三类技术融合均有助于提升创新绩效。同时,影响过程伴随着企业知识基的显著中介效用。特别是,中介效用中知识基的宽度对聚类技术融合的影响和知识基的深度对接近技术融合的影响更为强烈。为优化技术融合策略和提升创新绩效提供了企业管理层面的有益参考。     

技术创新网络内节点间知识流动适应性规则研究

随着研发网络化环境的形成,技术创新网络中节点间知识流动对网络结构演变的影响成为学者们关注的问题。同时,技术创新网络的本质体现为其自身就是一种知识流动的复杂适应系统。因此,从复杂适应系统（CAS）视角分析知识在技术创新网络中知识节点间的不同流动方式,以及在技术扩散过程中知识流动特征与核心节点形成过程,从节点的初始状态、节点间知识流动和节点状态变化等3个方面构建了技术创新网络中节点间知识流动规则,分析了网络中企业间知识流动过程对节点企业核心地位形成的影响,为下一步的仿真研究奠定了基础。     

Research on mechanism of technological diffusion in industry cluster

The main aim of the paper is to explain the reason and mechanism of technological diffusion in industry cluster. Following the idea showed in Zhou Qin＇s model, we further develop the theoretical analysis that how the technological gap between strong enterprises and weak enterprises determines the level and speed of technological diffusion. The bigger the technological disparity between strong enterprise and weak enterprise is, the quicker technology spreads and knowledge overflows; on the contrary, the smaller the technological disparity between strong enterprise and weak enterprise is, the slower technology spread and knowledge overflows. Therefore, this kind of mechanism is helpful for enterprises in an industry cluster to learn from each other and to enable each enterprise close to the ＂the average level＂ of technology or knowledge. As a result, we think that, there exists a close relation between technological gap and technological diffusion. The paper puts forward the way of knowledge overflows of the strong enterprises： imitationdemonstration effect, the longitudinal connection in the industrial chain, the labor force flow and transfer, informal exchange.     

Technology-push, demand-pull and the shaping of technological paradigms - Patterns in the development of computing technology

An assumption generally subscribed to in evolutionary economics is that new technological paradigms arise from advances is science and developments in technological knowledge. Further, demand only influences the selection among competing paradigms, and the course of the paradigm after its inception. In this paper, we argue that this view needs to be qualified and modified. We demonstrate that, in the history of computing technology in the 20th century, a distinction can be made between periods in which either demand or knowledge development played the bigger role in shaping the technological paradigms. In the demand enabled periods, new technological (sub-)paradigms in computing technology have emerged as well.     

新一代信息技术产业网络结构对技术多元化的影响——技术结构的门限效应

基于2010—2019年新一代信息技术产业专利引用数据,利用度中心性与结构洞指标揭示网络结构演化对技术多元化的影响机理,并探究两者间联合效应对技术多元化两个维度（核心技术和非核心技术）的门限效应。结果表明,非核心技术情况下,相对于能力获利策略,创新主体更倾向于控制知识外溢风险;核心技术情况下,创新主体不仅占据结构洞中介位置获取信息资源,还通过提高异质性知识的吸收转化能力形成路径依赖,降低核心技术能力僵化性从而获得潜在收益。此外,度中心性对核心技术存在三重门限效应,对非核心技术存在显著双重门限效应。结构洞对非核心技术具有倒U型影响关系,对核心技术存在显著双重门限负向作用。最后提出加强核心技术识别与挖掘、非核心技术探索以及注重不同门限区间技术溢出调节作用等策略。     

知识管理与企业技术创新协同关系研究

知识管理以技术的不断更新为进程,由一系列系统的方法和手段支撑技术创新工作。技术创新深化知识管理的内涵,同时也促进知识管理系统的进化和发展。研究知识管理与技术创新的关系,对于企业如何发挥知识管理的作用,完善技术创新体系具有重要意义。本文从两者协同互动的角度,分析两者之间的关系,揭示知识管理与技术创新的协同关系模式。以模型为基础,分别研究知识管理对企业技术创新的导向作用以及技术创新对知识管理的正反馈作用。研究表明,知识管理与技术创新是企业核心能力形成的管理手段与创新行为,通过企业的学习机制相互融合与影响。因此,企业应结合技术创新的规律,形成系统的知识管理模式,并利用创新体系的反馈机制提高知识管理水平。     

技术战略联盟中企业技术能力提高过程研究

本文根据技术所处阶段和企业技术能力强弱对比关系总结了各类技术战略联盟的特点,构建了技术战略联盟中企业技术能力提高的过程模式。研究表明,这一过程的核心在于有效地将合作企业的隐性知识整合到企业自身的技术中,并发挥自主创新能力,创造新的知识与合作企业的知识进行融合,从而进行新一轮学习。如此多次循环,企业通过不断学习,技术能力逐渐得到提升。     

高新技术产业集群知识溢出对企业技术追赶的影响

自主创新和知识溢出是技术落后企业提高知识存量,实现技术追赶的两个主要途径。知识溢出作为产业集群的显著特征之一,对产业集群的创新和发展有着重要影响。首先,以 Verspagen&Caniëls 的知识溢出模型为基础,结合高新技术产业集群的特点,构建产业集群知识溢出模型。然后,以此模型为分析工具,深入分析知识溢出和自主创新共同作用的技术落后企业实现技术追赶的知识存量差距范围,以及知识溢出各影响因素对技术追赶的影响,并以中关村科技园区为样本进行实证分析。在此基础上,提出我国高新技术产业开发区技术落后企业实现技术追赶的政策建议。     

基于知识管理的企业突破性技术创新能力机制研究

企业的"创新尴尬"是困扰企业发展的现实问题,加强企业知识管理,实现企业突破性技术创新,对避免技术创新带来的困境具有重要意义。企业突破性技术创新能力是知识积累、知识转化和知识创新相结合的产物。从知识管理的角度探讨了企业突破性技术创新知识积累机制、知识转化机制以及创新能力培育机制,以期进一步提升企业突破性技术创新能力。     

市场导向驱动企业绿色技术创新模型构建与路径分析

基于对企业绿色技术创新环境和驱动力转换介质的分析，构建企业绿色技术创新基本要素模型，并给出要素的内涵特征及所遵循的准则，阐述了市场导向对企业绿色技术创新的影响路径。结果显示，企业绿色技术创新发生于系统环境中，并以系统收益最大化为目标，市场化机制是其驱动力转换的重要介质。基础知识突破、企业社会资本积累、产品市场需求、企业创新网络、消费主体意识、市场准入时机及政府政策是企业绿色技术创新要素模型的重要构成。构建和优化企业绿色技术创新基本要素模型必须遵守适合性准则、动态性、干预性及系统性准则，而释放绿色技术创新要素供需信号，促进创新所需要素协同，降低企业绿色技术创新交易成本，提高创新要素配置效率是市场导向影响企业绿色技术创新的主要路径。     

产业集聚、知识溢出与技术学习成本间关系的实证研究

利用1998—2011年中国省域层面高技术产业的宏观数据,以知识溢出为中介变量,实证分析了产业集聚与技术学习成本的关系以及知识溢出的中介作用。结果表明:产业集聚与技术学习成本之间存在显著的负相关关系;产业集聚与知识溢出之间存在正相关关系;知识溢出在产业集聚与技术学习成本之间起部分中介作用,即产业集聚通过知识溢出降低了企业的技术学习成本。     

How technological innovation affects the structure of an industry: entrepreneurship evolution in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry since 1980

Challenges faced by the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, including reduced R&D productivity and the expiration of drugs that are high in demand, are recently being addressed through technological innovation. Such innovations are highly likely to change the structure and functioning of the industry. Since 2000, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have actively made strategic alliance, and technological innovations have changed the source of innovation from R&D to entrepreneurship within the industry. In this study, we identify the evolution of entrepreneurship and discuss the changes caused by technological advancements since 1980 by analysing patterns of exporting and acquiring technology data from Medtrack. Over difference period, biopharmaceutical firms have gained new knowledge and improved technology, and have implemented this newly acquired knowledge and innovation to introduce drugs to the market.