国土空间生态保护和修复研究路径：科学到决策

研究目的：探索走向可持续生态系统综合管理的国土空间生态保护和修复的研究路径与应用实践。研究方法：综合分析法,案例分析法等。研究结果：（1）以生态系统管理等理论为支撑,基于国土空间生态安全格局整体保护理念,关注中观—宏观尺度的国土空间生态保护和修复关键区域识别与诊断,从生态系统和社会系统维度提出国土空间生态保护和修复科学认知、价值重塑与政策引导的研究路径,构建 “本底调查测度—多维认知—科学识别—价值重塑—规划调控—政策引导—技术支撑”从科学到决策的国土空间生态保护和修复研究路径;（2）以山东省烟台市为例,围绕重焕蓝色海洋、连通生态廊道、牢筑生态屏障、优化生态格局和彰显绿色宜居策略,探索国土空间生态保护和修复应用实践。研究结论：生态文明背景下国土空间生态保护和修复走向可持续生态系统综合管理成为必然,所提出的研究路径和应用实践为国土空间生态保护和修复研究提供了新的思路与方法。     

土地退化平衡导向下国土空间生态保护修复的路径选择

研究目的：归纳阐释土地退化平衡（LDN）对国土空间生态保护修复的理论意蕴，回答LDN导向下国土空间生态保护修复的路径选择。研究方法：逻辑推理法、归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）LDN具有鲜明的时空特征和明确的响应层次，并遵循“同类平衡（Like for Like）”与“一票否决（One out-All out）”原则。（2）新形势下土地资源的空间载体、生态本底、安全保障、服务双碳目标等功能得到拓展，客观上要求生态保护修复协调好尺度与格局、要素与系统、食物与生态、减排与增汇之间的关系。（3）LDN对生态保护修复的理论意蕴包括多尺度嵌套的动态平衡、多目标权衡的系统治理、多手段协同的实现路径。（4）基于LDN的国土空间生态保护修复策略包括：构建“功能—尺度”与“要素—系统”相耦合的LDN目标函数，引导生态保护修复目标量化；制定螺旋递进式“分区管控—分级治理—分类施策”的管理策略，促进自然与行政区划在空间上的有效衔接；建立“干预管制—激励竞争—强制倒逼—差别治理”协同的保障机制，协调“自然—社会—政府—市场”等多部门关系。研究结论：LDN在国土空间生态保护修复实践中具有积极的理论意义与现实价值，能...     

论国土空间生态修复基本逻辑

研究目的:阐释国土空间生态修复的基本逻辑,支撑新时期国土空间生态修复从区域自主治理向全域空间设计的战略转型。研究方法:文献综述分析法,逻辑推理法,系统回顾法。研究结果:基于国土空间"要素—格局—过程—服务"级联框架及全域耦合关联,针对目标、对象、区位及途径厘清国土空间生态修复的基本逻辑:以提升人类生态福祉而非生态系统服务潜在供给增长为核心修复目标,国土空间社会—生态要素为基本修复对象,构建多尺度协同的生态安全格局识别重点修复地域,秉承多层级协同次优而非单层级最优的主导修复途径。研究结论:国土空间生态修复的本质在于修复人地冲突、强化人地协同,"修"的是人与自然不和谐的相处方式,"复"的是生态系统退化或受损的结构、过程、功能及服务;国土空间生态修复的对象、区位及途径均以修复目标为导向。     

生态修复背景下流域国土空间韧性研究思路

研究目的：揭示流域国土空间变化的“干扰—响应”机理是其开展系统性、可持续性生态修复的重要依据,本文探索流域国土空间韧性研究思路,为面向生态功能可持续的流域国土空间生态修复提供理论依据和实践支撑。研究方法：文献分析法,归纳总结法。研究结果：韧性理论契合流域国土空间生态修复的风险应对性、要素治理系统性、干扰机理明晰性、多主体参与性和生态功能可持续性;流域国土空间韧性需考虑的因素可划分为基础因子、发展因子、主体因子、距离因子和功能因子;通过构建流域国土空间韧性研究框架,明确了自组织机制、失配机制、崩溃机制、边界机制及网络协同机制等关键机制;未来研究应注重基于适应性循环的流域国土空间韧性评价、尺度依赖界定、基于阈值的韧性机理阐释、关键主体行为参与响应及复合情景下韧性预测等。研究结论：韧性理论可为流域国土空间生态功能系统修复及增强应对干扰的抵抗力和适应力提供支撑。     

国土空间生态修复规划：内涵体系、编制逻辑与实施路径

研究目的：探析国土空间生态修复规划的概念内涵及规划体系、编制逻辑和实施路径，为推进生态文明建设背景下国土空间生态修复规划工作提供理论支撑和实践借鉴。研究方法：文献综述法，理论分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）国土空间生态修复规划本身概念清晰、内涵明确，与相关规划区别明显，肩负了时代赋予的历史使命，并在落实目标任务过程中产生建立规划体系之需。（2）国土空间生态修复规划编制遵循“解决什么问题、达成什么愿景、安排什么举措”的规划思路，形成“问题导向+格局塑造+区类调控+工程牵引”的编制逻辑。（3）实施国土空间生态修复规划需要遵从“规划传导—政策引领—监管服务—要素集聚—适应性管理”工作路径。研究结论：开展国土空间生态修复规划工作，是引导生态修复活动科学开展的前提，需在明确该规划的概念内涵及规划体系基础上，遵循其编制逻辑和实施路径，确保规划得到科学编制和有效实施。     

国土空间生态修复：概念思辨与理论认知

研究目的:通过对国土空间生态修复的概念进行辨析,探讨国土空间生态修复的内涵、理论基础及相关重要研究内容,以期阐明从生态修复到国土空间生态修复的认知转变。研究方法:文献综述与综合分析法。研究结果:(1)国土空间生态修复是以不同空间尺度范围内受损或缺乏稳定与安全性的生态系统为对象,通过国土要素的空间结构调整与优化和生态功能修整与重建以及辅以中宏观尺度上的生态工程等系统性措施,以修复生态系统过程和提升生态系统服务的治理活动,最终实现生态系统健康、景观生态安全和区域可持续发展;(2)根据人类活动对于生态系统的不同干扰和影响程度,国土空间生态修复可划分为国土空间生态恢复、国土空间生态整治和国土空间生态重建三大类型的研究内容;(3)区域背景、景观异质性、人类活动、社会经济等都与生态系统相互交融,将这些要素与生态修复有机结合的过程对国土空间生态修复提出了更高的要求。研究结论:面对中国的区域性生态问题,退化生态系统的"整体保护、系统修复、综合治理"的实现,需以国土空间生态修复作为重要抓手。     

生命周期视角下茅洲河流域水环境综合治理

基于生命周期理论和利益相关者理论,对茅洲河流域水环境综合治理工程中的决策阶段、设计阶段、实施阶段、竣工验收阶段和运营维护阶段进行全生命周期管控,根据不同阶段的侧重点采取不同的应对措施。总结出生命周期视角下的水环境治理经验,包括开创性的治理模式,水资源、水安全、水环境、水生态、水文化 “五位一体”的城市河流健康治理理念,先进的治水科技和智慧水务以及多方协同的治理格局等,可为相关流域水环境综合治理提供参考。     

空间规划语境下国土整治与生态修复的思考

正核心提示在国土空间规划语境下,国土整治与生态修复需要强化整体保护、系统修复、综合治理三大思维,以乡村土地全域综合整治、城镇存量用地综合开发、重要生态系统修复(含海洋生态系统修复)、工矿废弃地生态修复等为主要实施路径,进一步优化国土空间格局、提高资源利用效率、改善生态环境质量、提升国土空间品质。     

流域国土空间生态修复规划编制的思考

流域在国家生态安全战略格局中发挥着重要作用,但由于流域范围与行政边界不完全一致,如何协调流域内人水关系并将生态修复融入国土空间规划体系,是当前流域国土空间生态修复规划编制迫切需要思考的问题。本文从流域角度出发,分析国土空间生态修复规划的总体思路,按照"问题—目标—分区—修复措施—保障"的逻辑主线,对流域国土生态修复规划编制进行了思考。     

国土空间生态修复工程的技术创新问题

正当前,我国部分地区不同程度出现生态环境压力加大、生态系统功能退化、地质灾害点多面广频发、海洋生态环境破坏等问题。为了加快国土空间生态修复、提升国土空间承载能力,加快形成人与自然和谐发展的现代化建设新格局,必须加快国土空间生态修复技术创新。国土空间生态修复工程内涵及工程分类统筹山水林田湖草系统治理,实现统一行使所有国土空间用途管制和生态保护修复,达到整体保护、系统修复、区域统筹、综合治理的目标,     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.