论农业产业带建设与提升农产品竞争力

本文通过农业产业带建设与提升农产品竞争力之间关系的理论探讨，解释了为什么通过优势农产品产业带建设能够提升特定农产品的竞争力，并提出了中国农业产业带建设所应坚持的基本原则和对策。     

农业标准化与农产品质量分等分级

本文从标准化的概念入手，明确了农业标准化的内涵和作用，在分析农业标准化和农产品质量分等分级的国际经验基础上，结合我国农业标准化工作的实际，指出农业标准化并不等同于食品安全，应将其工作中心转向农产品质量分等分级管理，并以此降低农产品市场的交易费用，规范市场秩序，促进市场竞争，也为农产品期货市场、批发拍卖市场的运行奠定基础。     

无公害农产品交易特征及其规制研究

我国无公害农业正处于发展初期,在国内农产品市场上,无公害农产品和常规农产品并存的格局将持续较长一段时期。由于无公害农产品和常规农产品在资产专用性和交易发生频率两个方面存在较大差异,所以,无公害农产品交易应该由特定的规制结构予以治理。对两个案例的实证分析表明,一体化和双方规制结构比较适合高交易发生频率的无公害农产品交易,低交易发生频率的无公害农产品交易宜采用双方规制结构,但双方规制结构要求交易双方的交易资产专用程度大体对称。     

刍议无公害农产品开发与农业标准化

本文从发展现代农业的角度,分析无公害农产品开发与农业标准化的关系,认为无公害农产品开发推进了农业标准化进程,并提出创新标准体系、建立健全市场准入制度、建立电子商务系统、实行地域性整体推进等加快无公害农产品开发和农业标准化实施进程的建议.     

Production Effects of the European Union's Single Farm Payment

Since 1992, reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy has involved several rounds that have gradually changed the method of support from market‐based intervention purchases to direct producer payments. The Single Farm Payment (SFP) was introduced most recently and is claimed to be decoupled from production decisions. This study examines whether or not the SFP induces extra production. The study finds that the SFP provided less production incentives and is less trade distorting than the prior system of compensatory payments. Lessons from the EU policy reform for agricultural policy reform in Canada are also considered. Depuis 1992, la réforme de la Politique agricole commune (PAC) de l'UE a fait l'objet de plusieurs négociations qui ont peu à peu changé les formes de soutien, du système d'achat à l'intervention fondé sur le marché aux paiements directs versés aux producteurs. Le régime de paiement unique (RPU) a été mis en place plus récemment, et l'on prétend qu'il est indépendant des décisions de production. Dans la présente étude, nous avons examiné le RPU afin de savoir s'il stimulait ou non la production supplémentaire. Selon notre étude, le RPU offre moins d'incitatifs de production et entraîne moins de distorsion commerciale que le régime de paiements compensatoires antérieur. Nous avons aussi examiné les leçons qui pourraient être tirées de la réforme de la politique agricole de l'UE et appliquées à une réforme de la politique agricole au Canada.     

农户家庭粮食经营行为研究

本文通过对全国固定跟踪观察农户的粮作经营行为分析发现,发生在2 0 0 3年夏秋之际的粮价上涨风波是一种正常价格反映,对于缓解当时农户粮作经营中要素利用效率的持续恶化有一定的积极意义。从农户的粮食生产与储备看,生产水平保持了原有态势,生产总量变化稳定,粮食储备也十分充足,这为政府实施分区粮食政策提供了基础,同时也为农民响应政府号召调整种植结构增强了信心。从某种角度看,目前实施的粮食分区政策与农村实际吻合,价格的短期变化是一种正常变化。     

From Farm to Kitchen: How Gender Affects Production Diversity and the Dietary Intake of Farm Households in Ethiopia

Malnutrition in farm households remains a significant problem in many developing countries and is linked to a lack of diversity in diets. We explore how gender differences might affect household dietary diversity using the LSMS‐ISA Ethiopia panel dataset. Drawing on a farm household framework, nonlinear panel models are estimated allowing for unobserved heterogeneity and production endogeneity using a control function. We use decomposition techniques to identify the impact of different potential sources of gender difference in dietary diversity. Our results provide evidence of significant gender effects in production diversity and in dietary diversity using the food variety score (FVS). For other indicators of dietary diversity, the evidence of gender effects is weaker. The decomposition results suggest that, after controlling for differences in characteristics, female‐headed households are at a dietary diversity disadvantage. Gender differences in the relationship between production diversity, price and income and dietary diversity and the production diversity decisions appear to be the main drivers. The results also suggest that female preferences are more orientated towards ensuring greater dietary diversity in the household. Our evidence also suggests that a key driver of gender disadvantage in dietary diversity is related to whether food is sourced from the household’s own production or the market. This implies that part of the observed negative gender impact on dietary diversity may stem from differences in marketing and storage of own production through the year.     

浅议中小矿业企业会计规范化问题

本文从中小矿业企业的特点入手 ,针对目前中小矿业企业会计核算存在的问题 ,从会计核算主体、会计基础工作、经济业务发生的原始凭证、管理制度的缺失等方面进行了深入分析 ;以此为基础 ,对中小矿业企业会计规范化问题进行了较为详细的阐述 ;提出了自己的见解和建议     

依靠科技创新提升农产品国际竞争力--以浙江为例

国内资源成本系数法计算结果表明，浙江主要传统农产品已经失去或者正在失去国际竞争力。究其原因，主要是随着人们收入水平的提高和城市化进程的加快，劳动力影子价格和土地机会成本的提高。科技创新是提升农产品国际竞争力的根本途径。但是，为了保证科技在提升农产品国际竞争力中的作用得以有效发挥，今后，我国农业科技创新要以充分发挥农产品的比较优势为路径，农业科技创新的目的也要从增产型为主向品质改善型为主转变。     

Market and Other Factors Affecting Farm Specific Production Efficiency in Pig Production in Vietnam

ABSTRACT

In developing country production environment, farm production efficiency is often measured in terms of on-farm resources and producer characteristics. In this paper we postulate that input and output market related factors also influence farm production decisions hence its efficiency. Stochastic frontier production function was used to assess technical efficiency and its determinants including input and output market variables for a sample of 1962 pig farms in Vietnam with data collected in 1999. There are significant differences in production behavior and efficiency level between the North and the South, among farms producing different breeds, between mixed and specialized farms, between household and commercial farms, and among producers located in different agro-ecological regions. Access to better output market, land size, herd size, and education of household head significantly reduced inefficiency, while access to government supplied inputs, age of household head, female headed households and family supplied crude feeds significantly increased inefficiency in both the regions. The direction of influence on efficiency differs between the two regions for access to credit, proportion of output sold at market rather than at farm gate and family labor supply. Generally, market related factors had more consistent influence on production efficiency in the South of Vietnam where the experience of market economics is longer compared to the North. Policy actions on providing better extension, more timely access to better quality inputs through the private sector, making credit more easily accessible to smallholders and opportunity to sell output at better priced secondary markets are expected to increase productivity and reduce inefficiency.     

从农产品税率看中国农业产品竞争力

本文从《中国加入WTO议定书》附件1《中国-第1节(农产品)逐年减让表》中的有关数据着手，对各类农产品按受影响程度不同进行划分和分析，从而对各类农产品的优劣势做出结论。并以此为基础对去年前一阶段的农产品贸易情况作出简要分析。     

Farm Household Production Efficiency: Evidence from The Gambia

This article investigates the economic efficiency of farm households, with an application to The Gambia. The efficiency analysis is conducted not at the farm level but at the household level, thus capturing the importance of off-farm activities. Output-based measures of technical, allocative, and scale efficiency are generated using nonparametric measurements. An econometric analysis of factors affecting the efficiency indexes is then conducted using a Tobit model. Technical efficiency is fairly high indicating that access to technology is not a severe constraint for most farm households. The cost of scale inefficiency is modest. Allocative inefficiency by contrast is found to be important for the majority of farm households. On the basis of the Tobit results, imperfections in markets for financial capital and nonfarm employment contribute to significant allocative inefficiency.     

农产品行业协会发展研究--以温州为例

温州农产品行业协会主要是围绕当地已形成主导产业的林果、蔬菜、畜产品等某一种特色农产品生产经营，在区域内聚集众多的大小不同的企业和农户家庭结网合作。由于生产经营同种产品的农户和企业相互关联，使得企业和农户具有了凝聚的“内核”，建立了正式和非正式的联系，通过联合经营，按专业化方式进行生产，从而获得了农产品行业的集群效应和生产经营的规模效益。     

Estimating Input Use and Production Costs From Farm Survey Panel Data

Econometric estimation of enterprise input use and production costs offers a less expensive alternative to special surveys. Estimates of input allocation are of use within programming models, for policy analysis and income forecasting. However, simple ordinary least squares estimation has been plagued by a number of problems and the results have been disappointing. This paper provides some empirical evidence on the extent to which these problems can be overcome, or at least mitigated, through exploitation of panel data sets and appropriate panel data estimation techniques. The results confirm that this approach provides some improvement in estimation results, but some practical and methodological problems remain.