The Association between Changes in Interest Rates,Earnings, and Equity Values*

Numerous studies have documented that stock returns are negatively related to changes in interest rates, but there has been little corroborating research on the information in interest‐rate changes about the fundamentals that the stock market prices. The negative correlation is often attributed to changes in the discount rate, a denominator effect in a valuation model. However, there may also be a numerator effect on the expected payoffs that are discounted. This paper shows that changes in interest rates are positively related to subsequent earnings, but the change in earnings is typically not large enough to cover the change in the required return. Hence, the net (numerator and denominator) effect on equity value is negative, consistent with the results of the research on interest rates and stock returns.     

上海A、B股市场收益率波动性对比研究及预测

运用GARCH(1,1)-M模型对样本期内上海A、B股市场收益率波动性进行了对比研究及预测。结果显示:上证A、B股指数收益率序列均存在"ARCH/GARCH现象";上海A、B股市场中,期望收益与期望风险正向变动;上海A股市场记忆期长于B股市场;长期中,上海B股市场预期收益将超过A股市场。进一步结合基本面情况可知,上海B股市场具有相对较高的长线投资价值。     

可转换债券首发日股价效应研究

本文对我国可转换债券首发日的股价效应进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,可转债首发日存在显著非零的股价效应。这表明市场对可转债融资行为的反应有一个过程,并非董事会拟发行可转债公告后市场就已经消化了公告的内容。本文的回归结果表明,可转债首发日异常收益与流通股比例显著负相关。这说明,首发日显著为负的累积异常收益）,可由流通股比例来解释,流通股比例越大的公司,首发日异常收益越小,即负得越多,反之亦然。     

Reinvestigating the Oil Price–Stock Market Nexus: Evidence from Chinese Industry Stock Returns

The present study investigates the influence of international oil prices on China's stock market returns across 29 different industries. The paper attempts to account for any structural breaks and nonlinearity in this relationship. The results reveal that the effect of changes in the international price of oil on stock returns differs substantially across industries. The stock returns of the coal, chemical, mining and oil industries are found to be positively affected by crude oil price movements. Conversely, electronics, food manufacturing, general equipment, pharmaceuticals, retail, rubber and vehicle industries are found to be negatively affected by movements in the price of crude oil. The results of the estimations also suggest that the majority of Chinese industries have been significantly affected by oil prices since 2004. The influence of international oil prices on Chinese stocks also has a stronger effect in the presence of high volatility but the effect varies across industries.     

Exchange rate exposure of sectoral returns and volatilities: Evidence from Japanese industrial sectors

Most studies of exchange rate exposure of stock returns do not address three relevant aspects simultaneously. They are, namely: sensitivity of stock returns to exchange rate changes; sensitivity of volatility of stock returns to volatility of changes in foreign exchange market; and the correlation between volatilities of stock returns and exchange rate changes. In this paper, we employ a bivariate GJR-GARCH model to examine all such aspects of exchange rate exposure of sectoral indexes in Japanese industries. Based on a sample data of fourteen sectors, we find significant evidence of exposed returns and its asymmetric conditional volatility of exchange rate exposure. In addition, returns in many sectors are correlated with those of exchange rate changes. We also find support for the “averaged-out exposure and asymmetries” argument. Our findings have direct implications for practitioners in formulating investment decisions and currency hedging strategies.     

人民币汇率波动对股票价格报酬影响的实证研究

文章基于我国2005年7月-2010年2月的时间序列数据,采用单位根检验、协整检验、格兰杰因果检验以及VAR模型,对人民币汇率波动与股票价格报酬间关系进行了实证研究,结果发现：人民币汇率、利率、CPI和股票价格报酬之间存在长期的协整关系,且人民币汇率对股票价格报酬有正的影响效应,CPI对股票价格报酬也有一定的正向影响,而利率对股票价格报酬有负向影响效果。     

人力资本边际收益递减、后发优势与经济增长——基于国家间面板数据的实证分析

学术界一般认为人力资本边际收益是递增的。本文利用一般动态模型根据世界银行提供的国别数据的实证分析得出的结论刚好相反:人力资本边际收益是递减的。从长期来看,世界的人力资本边际收益呈递减趋势;从国别比较来看,发展中国家的人力资本边际收益高于发达国家。而且从国家层面来看,人力资本存量与经济增长呈负相关关系:人力资本存量低的国家经济增长较快,而人力资本存量高的国家经济增长较慢。人力资本从穷国流向富国而不是相反,这是因为富国的总量劳动生产率高所带来的高工资所致,这并不意味着富国的人力资本边际收益比穷国更高。     

Time variation paths of factors affecting financial institutions and stock returns

This study finds evidence that three risk factors relating to the stock market, bond market, and real estate market are important in explaining the risk premiums included in financial institutions and bank stock returns. Stock returns for insurance companies are not sensitive to changes in the bond market. The Flexible Least Squares (FLS) results indicate that the stock market factor has the most important and stable impact on risk premiums for financial institutions, banks, and insurance companies. The bond market is the primary source of instability in stock returns for these three groups of stocks. This research adds further support for using market discipline, especially as it relates to equity returns to enhance the prudential regulation of the financial sector.     

基于信息结构视角的网络论坛与股票市场之间信息传递关系研究

网络论坛与股票市场之间的信息传递关系对于研究市场信息效率具有积极意义,本文从论坛信息结构视角出发,研究两者之间的信息传递关系。结果表明论坛发帖量与股票市场收益率之间存在信息传递关系：日内发帖量与日内收益率之间存在相互的波动溢出,且由日内发帖量向日内收益率的单向波动溢出显著;隔夜发帖量向次日日内收益率的单向波动溢出显著;仅存在隔夜收益率向日内发帖量的单向波动溢出。此外,网络论坛发帖量和股票市场收益率之间的时变相关系数与情绪倾向变量正相关,与意见差异变量负相关。     

Does peace boost stock prices? Evidence from the Korean stock market

This study analyzes the impact on the Korean stock market of the inter-Korean summits in 2000, 2007, and 2018 and the North Korea–United States summit in 2018 using the event study methodology. Three portfolios, which have high exposures to North Korea risks are constructed: stocks related to Kaesong Industrial Complex (KS portfolio), stocks related to inter-Korean economic cooperation (IEC portfolio), and stocks related to the defense industry (DEF portfolio). Empirical analysis show that the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) of KS, IEC, and DEF portfolios react positively or negatively to each summit. These results imply that peace does not simply play a role in boosting stock prices and that the stock price reflects all available information related to the summits, including the process and agreement of the summits' discussion and political context. The robustness test (performed by changing the event day to the announcement rather than the agreement) shows that KS and IEC portfolios reflect positive expectation and that the DEF portfolio reflects negative expectation in the financial market. Although each CAR pattern varies, it is true that the stock price reflects all available information of summits swiftly. In other words, our paper shows that the efficient market hypothesis holds in the Korean stock market.     

The Fed’s reaction to the stock market during the great depression: Fact or artefact?

A notable feature of the 1920s and 1930s is the volatility in several key macroeconomic aggregates, and this feature used to econometrically identify the reaction of the Fed to stock market developments. The volatility of economic activity may have contributed to deepening the divisions among policy-makers about how the Fed ought to respond to stock price developments. Relying on the technique of [Rigobon, R. 2003. Identification through heteroskedasticity. Review of Economics and Statistics 85, 777–792], volatility is used as an instrument to estimate the Fed’s response to the stock market. Other identification assumptions based on structural VARs produce compatible results. Fed behavior appeared to have changed following the stock market crash of 1929. Consistent with the Riefler-Burgess doctrine, interest rates and stock returns are negatively related. I conclude that, prior to the stock market crash of 1929, a form of benign neglect explains Fed behavior. Thereafter, the Fed reacts only slightly more aggressively to stock market developments.     

Historical returns and security market development, 1872–1925

Annual holding returns are reported for a broad range of the assets available to investors in the security market between 1872 and 1925. A generally favorable picture of asset performance is revealed when these returns are compared to those on similar investments in the modern era. Two changes in the patterns of returns around 1900 occurred—a decline in inflation adjusted debt returns and an increase in the volatility of stock returns (especially industrial stock). The structure of asset returns after 1900 was distinctly modern and has persisted to the present. The emergence of the modern structure of returns is linked to institutional changes in the security market between 1890 and World War I, and to the process of industrial capital formation.     

On Constructing an EPS Measure: An Assessment of the Properties of Dilution*

This paper evaluates the information content of the treasury stock method for computing diluted earnings per share (EPS). We demonstrate that the treasury stock method decreases the annual association between earnings changes and stock returns and explain why this is the case. Further, we show that the treasury stock method leads to a dilutive adjustment that biases the random walk model of annual earnings in a predictable direction. Finally, we demonstrate that using the treasury stock method appears to confuse both analysts and investors: analysts' forecast errors increase with the size of the dilutive adjustment, and the association between unexpected earnings and stock returns at the earnings announcement date weakens as the dilutive adjustment increases.     

The Effect of Limited Liability on the Informativeness of Earnings: Evidence from the Stock and Bond Markets*

Previous empirical research on the informativeness of earnings has focused on stockholders, and has not examined differences in earnings' informativeness for stockholders and bondholders. Because stockholders are residual claimants and bondholders are fixed claimants, the informativeness of earnings should differ for these two types of investors. When a firm's default risk is low, changes in its financial condition should be of limited relevance to bondholders, but should be relevant to stockholders. In contrast, as the likelihood of financial distress increases, stockholders' limited liability allows them to abandon the firm to the bondholders (Fischer and Verrecchia 1997). Accordingly, as a firm's default risk increases, changes in its financial condition should be increasingly important to bondholders and less important to shareholders. Because earnings provide information on firm value, the stock return-earnings association should decrease as the firm's financial strength declines, while the bond return-earnings association should increase. We use two measures of a firm's financial strength: the firm's bond rating and its reporting of a loss. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that the association between stock returns and changes in annual earnings decreases as bond ratings decline, while the association between bond returns and changes in annual earnings increases. These results suggest that as the company's financial condition deteriorates, earnings become less relevant for stock valuation and more relevant for bond valuation. When we partition firms based on their loss status, we find a stronger association between stock returns and annual earnings changes for firms with positive earnings (profit firms) than for firms with losses, consistent with earlier studies. In contrast, we find that the association between bond returns and earnings changes is greater for loss firms than for profit firms. These results suggest that losses reduce the informativeness of earnings for stockholders but increase informativeness for bondholders, suggesting that investors view losses as indicating increased credit risk.     

Credit Rating and Monetary Policy Transmission to Equity Markets: Evidence from the Emerging Market

This study empirically estimates credit channel of the monetary policy and corporate stock return using daily stock return data including the sample with non-financial firms listed in Korea stock exchange (KOSPI). Empirical results support that changes in the basis rate turn out to increase equity returns in case of the firms with higher credit rating compared to the previous year. The estimation results confirm the conjecture that monetary policy has a significant impact on stock market through the channel of changes in credit rating.     

投资者情绪与股票收益——来自移动互联网的实证研究

移动互联网的高速发展使得越来越多的投资者通过移动互联网获取信息并做出投资决策。文章利用网络爬虫技术收集来自移动互联网的用户讨论信息，研究来自移动互联网的用户情绪对股票收益的影响，实证结果显示：移动互联网用户情绪存在显著不对称特征，其更倾向于表现积极乐观的情绪，且其正负面情绪差异大于PCs端；同时，移动互联网用户情绪越乐观，下一期股票收益越高。进一步实证结果表明，处于较差信息环境（如散户持股较高，分析师跟踪人数较少）的公司，移动互联网用户情绪对其股票收益的影响更加显著；此外，对于流动性越差的公司，移动互联网用户情绪对其股票收益的影响也越显著。文章研究结论为移动互联网时代的投资者优化投资决策提供了新的视角，也是对行为金融学中传统媒体定价领域的重要补充。     

Does Intra‐regional Trade Matter in Regional Stock Markets? New Evidence from the Asia‐Pacific Region

We provide new evidence on the relationship between bilateral trade and stock market returns across the Asia‐Pacific region. Using three country blocs in this region, including the Far Eastern bloc, the Chinese bloc and the Australian bloc, we examine whether trade linkages between countries affect their stock returns. Incorporating two distinct dynamic properties of regime shifting and cointegration in intra‐regional trade and stock market returns, we employ the newly suggested multivariable smooth transition autoregressive vector error correction model (STAR‐VECM). A series of estimations reveals evidence that bilateral trade significantly Granger‐causes stock returns in the Asia‐Pacific region, with effects that are asymmetric depending upon the stock market regime and the country pair. Among the three blocs, the Far Eastern bloc displays a more pronounced positive effect of bilateral trade growth on stock returns than do the other blocs.     

后金融危机时期中国股市的国际地位——基于非线性视角的股市联动网络分析

后金融危机时期全球股市一体化程度不断提高,全面认识中国股市的国际地位对于揭示国际股市一体化联动中的传导机制,防范和应对国际金融风险冲击具有重要的理论意义和现实价值。文章应用非线性格兰杰因果检验方法和社会网络分析方法,对金砖国家和七国集团股市收益率和波动率的联动关系及其联动网络结构进行分析,揭示出中国在国际股市联动中的地位对传导关系的控制方式,定量分析出事件冲击下中国股市与国际股市之间的交互影响。研究发现：（1）国际股市收益率和波动率联动网络呈现出稳定的非线性联动关系网络结构,受其影响各国股市收益之间存在互惠性,而波动之间则存在传染性;（2）在收益率联动网络中,中国股市的作用和地位已与英国相当,远高于其他金砖国家,正逐渐由"从属地位"转向"中心地位";（3）在波动率联动网络中,中国股市是造成国际股市风险交叉影响的重要"桥梁"。综上而言,当前中国股市表现出"高风险低收益"的市场特征;（4）中国对国际股市的影响具有典型的"地缘特征",将网络中心国家股市的利好传递给地缘临近国家股市;（5）波动率联动网络中初始冲击强度较大的国家,往往是对中国股市持续大规模产生冲击的国家;（6）相比较国际股市调整波动冲击的时间而言,中国股市调整时间较短,这表明后金融危机时代中国致力于股市的一系列改革举措取得了显著成效。     

中国股市收益和交易量动态引导关系的实证分析

实证检验沪深A、B股市场日收益和交易量之间的线性和非线性Granger因果关系。由于序列存在非线性结构可能使检验发现的仅是一种伪Granger因果。我们着重考察运用APGARCH模型过滤后股市收益和交易量之间的线性和非线性Granger因果。研究表明，上证A、B和深证A股市场收益和交易量之间互为线性Granger因果，深证B股仅存在从收益到交易量的线性Granger因果；上证A股市场交易量是收益的非线性Granger引导，深证B股市场收益和交易量之间互为非线性Granger引导。研究发现沪深A、B股市场收益和交易量之间具有相互的动态引导关系。     

股票收益与交易量的动态关系研究来自不同估计方法的证据

本文采用三种面板数据方法（加总时序、混同和组平均）考察中国股票收益和交易量的动态关系，以期揭示由于系数异质性问题，建立在三种方法上的统计推断可能会产生矛盾。结果表明，混同和组平均都发现了收益和交易量间双向的格兰杰因果关系，交易量对未来收益的长期影响显著为负；这与投机泡沫理论的预示相符。而加总时序方法只能发现收益对交易量的单向引导。