Effective rates of protection revisited for Indonesia

This paper calculates nominal and effective rates of protection for Indonesian tradables sectors in early 2008, and compares these figures with previous calculations for 1987 and 1995. Such a review is overdue. Many non-tariff barriers to imports and exports have been abolished, though new import restraints on rice and sugar are notable exceptions to this trend. Import tariffs have been lowered, particularly through regional preferential trade arrangements. We account for such arrangements in two different ways. Export taxes persist in certain natural resources sectors, but most rates have been reduced. We find that more than half of the effective support provided to tradable products sectors now comes from subsidies on fuels, fertiliser, electricity and liquefied petroleum gas, rather than from trade policies per se. Duty drawbacks and exemptions for exporters boost the effective rate of protection for tradables sectors overall by a small fraction of 1%, and for no input–output sector by more than 3%.     

The impact of AFTA on intra-AFTA trade

ASEAN countries have liberalised intra-ASEAN trade over the last 20 years by establishing the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This paper aims to examine the impact of trade liberalisation under AFTA on intra-ASEAN trade. By applying a gravity model, we find positive and significant trade creation effects from the tariff elimination for a wide range of products. In addition, the analysis reveals that the elasticity of tariff reduction on imports tends to be much larger than that on exports. Trade creation effects for the new ASEAN members are relatively small compared to those for the old members. Our results show that AFTA has been successful in promoting intra-AFTA trade, while we argue that further expansion may be achieved by increasing the use of AFTA and by reducing/removing non-tariff measures (NTMs) through such ways as improving customs procedures and harmonizing/mutually recognizing product standards.     

自由贸易区(FTA):推动我国对外贸易发展的新引擎

随着世界经济一体化程度的加深,国际贸易自由化的趋势不断加强,自由贸易区不仅成为各国实现世界贸易组织"全球贸易及投资自由化"宗旨的间接手段,而且成为各国实行对外开放、推动对外贸易和经济发展的直接手段。目前我国的对外贸易形势越发严峻,国内外一系列影响我国对外贸易发展的不利因素,其长期性和不确定性的特点,对我国的对外贸易发展构成了现有和潜在的威胁,不利于我国对外贸易的健康和持续发展。自由贸易区的建立不仅有利于扩大我国的进出口,还有利于增进投资、实现市场多元化,同时提升我国对外开放的水平,是推动我国对外贸易发展的新引擎。     

论在中国-东盟自由贸易框架下广西区域经济空间结构的优化

随着中国-东盟自由贸易区的逐步建立,将对我国西部地区尤其是对广西这样在自由贸易区中处于前沿的西南边陲省份的区域经济空间结构产生深远的影响,区域经济空间重组是处于社会转型期的重要课题,也是当前区域经济学中探讨的热点。本文主要从区域经济的空间结构理论来阐述在中国-东盟自由贸易区框架下广西区域经济空间结构的重组。     

新中国成立后广西民族关系发展探析

新中国成立后,广西民族关系较之以往有了大的发展,特别是在广西壮族自治区成立后,广西各族人民在以大力发展经济,经过对文化、教育、体育等各方面的社会改革,各民族之间的交往更加紧密。新时期在充分利用自身地理和环境优势基础上积极开展国际交流与合作,为本地区形成"平等、团结、互助、和谐"的新型民族关系打下了良好基础。     

中国-东盟自由贸易区的新政治经济学分析

基于新政治经济学的分析框架,本文探讨了中国-东盟自由贸易区带给各国的收益,并分析了可能使其发展趋势发生逆转的因素,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

中、澳经贸:自由贸易协定的机遇和挑战

中、澳自由贸易协定谈判从2005年10月开始,迄今已经进行了9个回合。本文分析了中、澳双边经贸关系的现状,并探讨了自由贸易协定给中、澳经贸可能带来的机遇和挑战,并提出推动中、澳经贸关系、加速中、澳自由贸易区建设的一些建议。     

Openness and trade policy in China: an industrial analysis

This paper analyzes the tariff structure and its determinants in China, with our research conducted under the rubric of endogenous policy theory. We study the tariff rates for 95 industries in China in 1996. The potential determinants of tariff rates are collected from an array of variables characterizing industries in 1995. A principal component method is used to reduce these variables into four major dimensions. The first component comprises the information on the composition of employees broken down by age, education, and job classification. The second component is underlined by the profitability of the industry. The third component consists of those variables not picked up with high salience in the first two components. More closely resembling those in the second component than the first, these variables include gross product, foreign capital, inventory, sales revenue, and total loss. The fourth component receives high loadings from two variables: the number of firms in the industry and the number of firms that incur net losses in their operation. Using variables identified by the principal component analysis and postulated by the variants of the endogenous trade theory, regression analysis finds that the trade policy in China is mainly defined by an industrial policy favoring high-tech industries and a social policy minimizing social instability. The implications for China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) are also provided in the paper.     

中俄经贸关系发展趋势探析

当前,中国和俄罗斯已经成为世界上举足轻重的经济大国,两国政局稳定,经济持续增长,双边的贸易额和相互投资呈现出良好的发展势头.在这种环境下,积极发展中俄经贸关系,重视开拓俄罗斯市场,将有利于我国更好地参与国际竞争,进而促进我国经济可持续发展和对外贸易多元化.     

东盟华商在中国-东盟自由贸易区中的作用

目前,中国-东盟自由贸易区的建立进入全面发展阶段。出于彼此自身经济利益的考虑,贸易区中的诸国都会积极利用华商的实力与优势,加强双边的经贸联系与合作,这就使华商的桥梁作用将日益凸显。本文本着有利于华商生存与发展的宗旨,对东盟华商在中国-东盟自由贸易区经济合作中的作用,做一理性分析。     

Electoral rules and free trade agreements as a campaign issue: The case of political disputes over the Trans-Pacific Partnership in Japan

This study empirically examines what drives candidates to oppose a free trade agreement (FTA), focusing on the difference in electoral rules and progress of FTA negotiations. We use as case studies Japan's 2013 and 2016 Upper House elections, a main issue of which was the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Candidates’ promises about the TPP are unrelated to whether they run for one-seat, multi-seat, or proportional representation constituencies. Candidates who have more rival candidates belonging to the same party are less supportive of the TPP, whereas candidates who face fiercer competition with rival candidates of other parties are more supportive. This result, however, is not observed after the conclusion of the TPP negotiations. The presence of agriculture in local economies relates to candidates’ opposition of the TPP before the conclusion of negotiations, but not thereafter. Conversely, candidates’ stances on the TPP are affected by their parties’ policies and own ideologies regardless of the different stages of promoting the TPP. These results indicate that the major determinants of candidates’ positions toward an FTA vary according to the changes in circumstances surrounding the FTA.     

空间经济理论对发展中国家(地区)贸易政策启示

世界经济全球化条件下,发展中国家(地区)贸易政策选择面临诸多挑战。本文通过分析空间经济理论的理论基础及其分析框架,揭示其中蕴含的理论政策意义,提出发展中国家(地区)贸易政策选择应多样化。     

循环经济对我国对外贸易的影响

在经济全球化的发展过程中,关税壁垒作用日趋削弱,包括"绿色壁垒"在内的非关税壁垒日益凸显.这些非关税壁垒,对中国发展对外贸易,特别是扩大出口产生了很大的影响.面对日益严峻的非关税壁垒,中国要高度重视,积极应对,尤其是要全面推进清洁生产,大力发展循环经济,逐步使中国产品符合资源、环保等方面的国际标准.     

广西在推进中国-东盟自由贸易区建设中的策略选择

广西是中国—东盟自由贸易区的地理中心和区域枢纽,可为"10+1"区域合作提供经济融合的空间。从远期和动态角度看,中国-东盟自由贸易区建设这个战略机遇充满变数,有可能削弱广西在中国-东盟自由贸易区中的地位和作用,因此必须抢抓机遇,主动服务于国家战略,加快推进重点领域的合作建设与制度创新,这对于广西能否在中国—东盟自由贸易区中占有重要战略地位和发挥关键作用,将具有十分重要的意义。     

论当代国际贸易理论的国际政治经济学意义

从1979年新贸易理论诞生以来,国际贸易理论历经了新经济地理、贸易与新增长理论、内生贸易政策理论(也称为贸易政策的政治经济学)、新新贸易理论等数次理论创新过程,对经济全球化的性质和发展趋势产生了许多新的认识。这些理论对国际政治经济学的研究也提供了新的理论视角。在讨论了当代国际贸易理论历次创新的国际政治经济学意义之后,作者提出应该从多重角度辩证地理解这些理论创新。国际政治经济学研究的开放经济政治分析范式把对个体和利益集团的利益分析奠定在经济学理论分析(特别是国际贸易理论分析)的基础上,并强调国内和国际政治经济多层次的互动研究,这有利于对国际政治经济学研究提供明确的演绎逻辑。与此同时,问题导向的国际政治经济学仍应保持其在方法论上的灵活性和开放性。     

Rise of the gold market in China: liberalisation and market development

The Chinese gold market is rapidly rising to global prominence in the recent decades. The paper reviews the history of the gold market in China and its liberalisation process amid the country’s opening to the outside world. Details of the current market structure and its main business are presented. Global impacts of the rise of the Chinese gold market are discussed.     

国际贸易政策合作的动因分析

各种形式的国际贸易政策合作是现代国际经济关系的普遍现象。本文将从操纵贸易条件、利益集团游说和政策不可信性等不同角度给出贸易政策合作的理论解释。     

Clothes without an Emperor: Analysis of the preferential tariffs in ASEAN

This paper examines the current state of intra-ASEAN trade under the preferential regime of the AFTA. It partly addresses some data problems and employs a gravity model to arrive at alternative ways of gauging the importance of preferences in the absence of data on the actual utilisation of AFTA preferential tariffs. Our results show that although the range of products where AFTA might have an influence is limited, preferences seem to matter when the differential margin between the MFN and preferential tariff rates reaches a critical amount, allowing regional exporters to cover the costs of requesting preferences. However, at very high differential margins, the significance of AFTA preferences seems to wane. This indicates either the presence of non-tariff measures which prevent traders from exploiting the huge tariff discounts offered by the AFTA, and or, the propensity of ASEAN to extend high preferences on products where little or no intra-ASEAN trade takes place.     

The trade depressing and trade diversion effects of antidumping actions: The case of China

China is by far the main target of antidumping (AD) litigation for most of its major trading partners. Recently, however, China itself has started using AD instrument intensively and was, in fact, the third leading country in initiating AD investigations between 2002 and 2004. This paper empirically investigates the impact of China's AD activities on trade by employing the system GMM estimator. The empirical results show that AD protection has significant trade depressing and trade diversion effects. These findings are consistent with Prusa [Prusa, T.A., 2001. On the Spread and Impact of Antidumping, Canadian Journal of Economics 34, 591–611.] and Brenton [Brenton, P., 2001. Anti-dumping policies in the EU and trade diversion, European Journal of Political Economy 17, 593–607] that investigate the trade effects of AD actions in the US and EU, respectively.