A study on the evolution of land use for modern urbanization in China： 1952-2005

Modern cities and towns play as the central places of wealth accumulation for human-being, not only in the ways of settlement and material consumption as they were traditionally in ancient time, but also in the ways of social production and environmental pollution as they are mostly today. With such a transition, the meaning of land use for urbanization has broadened. According to the rule of human ecosystem, land use for modern urbanization can be divided into three types： namely, the direct, the indirect and the induced. However, its structure follows its own way of the direct 〈 the indirect 〈 the induced, rather different from what it normally happens in the natural ecosystem. This paper takes China as an example, calculates the evolution of the land used by cities and towns during 1952-2005 according to statistics, and then analyzes the evolvement of the structure. At last, it puts forward several countermeasures to ensure land resource requirement for urbanization in future.     

Variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City, China： 1996-2005

Nowadays the fast economic development has brought about serious conflicts between the limited land resources and the increasing land demand in Chuzhou City.The changes of land use structure also restrict economic development and society progress in this area.Because different cities have different functional localization,the city area and each county （city） have formed characteristic land utilization structure.It is of great significance to make rational use of land resources and ensure the sustainable use of land resources by analyzing the variation of land use structure in the city area and each county （city） in Chuzhou City.Based on the data of land use modification of Chuzhou City from 1996 to 2005 and adopting the quantitative analysis of landscape ecology,this paper studies quantitatively the temporal division of regional land use structure and its dynamic changes.The results indicate that： （1） this method can reveal the law of the variation; （2） the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City： increasing diversification,evenness and heterogeneity; （3） the intensity of change in land use from 1996 to 2005 in the city appeared in the sequence： grass land〉traffic land〉garden land〉virgin land〉forest land〉industrial and residential land〉cultivated land〉other agricultural land〉water facility land; （4） there were remarkable differences between the city area and each county （city） in the relative change and the land use structure change from 1996 to 2005.This paper analyzes the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City,and finally proposes related countermeasures and suggestions.     

Coordination of urbanization and cultivated land resources in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area:A case study of Guangzhou City

Guangzhou,a significant hub city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,has seen fast social and economic growth as well as steady progress in the degree of urbanization.This research,taking Guangzhou city as an example,aims to provide an understanding of how land resources,urbanization,and spatial planning are coordinated in the study area.It also aims to explore how the coordination degree of land resources,urbanization,and spatial planning changes over time.It seeks to provide effe...     

Environment investment： transition from end-investment to multi-investment

Environmental investment must change its direction from end-investment to multi-investment, such as ecological construction, recycling economy and environmental protection. Only it can meet the needs of breaking the bottleneck of resources and environment for Chinese sustainable development. And the transition can hero us realize low-ost and highspeedy increasing of economy, as well as the construction of ecological health, beautiful environment economic development and harmonious new society. Material recycling in ecosystem can run well by self-organization and self-regulation by nature with low-cost and even non-cost. So, the environmental investment in ecological construction should be the profits maximum investment. But it needs country＇s support in financial policy on ecological or environmental compensation. Recycling economy is a brand-new pattern of economic growth, which formed gradually in the course of mankind exploring and practicing sustainable development. Fountainhead prevention, reducing and whole processing control are its significant characteristics, which are digerent from any former economic and environmental protection system. Investing in technology development and relevant industry of recycling economy should be the other major field of environment investment in China in the future.     

A review of non-agricultural land-use in peri-urbanization area： research progress and perspectives

The peri-urbanization area as a kind of rural-urban interface is changing rapidly ,physical, economlc and social terms. The land use pattern in such area is shifting away from the assumptions of mainstream paradigms to new conceptual landscapes, which leads to a series of problems on economic development and social stabilization. There are many researches on non-agricultural land-use in peri-urbanization area. In this paper both international and domestic research literature is reviewed by dividing six parts. The first part introduces the conception of peri-ur-banization area and its driver factors. Then in the second and the third part, the paper expatiates on the progress in the non-agricultural land-use in peri-urban area on land-use problems in the research area, while the fifth part reviews the integrating ways of non-agricultrual land-use. Finally, recommendations for further study are draw with specific reference to the current and future position of non-agricultural land-use study in peri-urban area.     

Assessment of natural resources and the policy of subsidies in grain production

Based on the analysis on the status quo of natural resources input in Brain production and on the policy of Brain subsidies, this paper puts forward a new idea - establishing grain subsidies through assessing the value of the natural resources in Brain production. The assessment of the natural resources in Brain production provides rationale and reference standard for the policy of Brain subsidies, which will promote the sustainable use of natural resources accordingly. This paper concludes： （1） it is necessary for the grain subsidies to assess the full value of natural resources, including economic value, ecological value and social value： （2） the government should give farmers direct subsidies or environment subsidies according to the economic and ecological value of natural resources in grain production, （3） the social value of natural resources can be realized by establishing the country social security system, taking the social value as the criterion for the payment for part of farmers＇ insurance.     

英文摘要

Land Issues in Industrialization and Urbanization --Taking Brazil as an Example
After reviewing historical evolution of land system and urbanization in Brazil, the paper focuses on the relation between land system and industrialization and urbanization and its result. The study shows that Brazil adopted policies of promoting industry and restraining agricultural development in its process of industrialization and urbanization, which led to a series of problems. China should balance the relation between land system and industrialization and urbanization in its process of accelerating its economic development.     

The Influence of Computerization on the Internal Audit

Under the modern economic condition, wide application of computer information system exerts an enormous influence on accounting, auditing, etc. What this paper mainly probes into is the influence of application of computer information system on internal audit. Since the wide use of computer information system has a certain influence on the clues and methods of internal audit as well as internal auditor, and it has an advantage that traditional auditing can＇t compare with, so it makes the form of internal audit changing from traditional manual audit to computer-aided audit become a kind of inevitable trend. But there are still problems to be solved about the computerization of internal audit, the author discussed some urgent problems and proposed the relevant countermeasures.     

The Nature and Avoidance of the ＂Middle Income Trap＂

The ＂middle income trap＂ is a significant theoretical and practical issue closely related to the economic and social transition and sustainable development of a country. This paper explores the essence of the ＂middle income trap＂ and ways to avoid it. It reveals that the inner nature of the ＂middle income trap＂ lies in the institutional transition dilemma, which results essentially from a lack of reasonable and clear definitions of governance boundaries between government and market as well as government and society. This lack of boundaries causes coexistent and interrelated government inefficiency, market distortion/failure and social anomie, leading to a stagnant transition from a factor-driven to an efficiency-driven and further innovation-driven economy. Moreover, this paper proposes that the proper way to avoid the ＂trap＂ can be found in the reconstruction of the state governance mode, that is, to transition from a development-oriented and omnipotent government to a public service-oriented and limited government, from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and further innovation-driven development, and from a traditional society to a modem civil society through defining reasonable and clear boundaries between government and market as well as government and society. Thus, reconstruction can establish a state public governance mode featuring the interactive role of government, market and society, and achieve the modernization of state governance systems and capacity.     

An Intermediary Organization Finds Potential Needs By Exploiting Serendipity

This paper intends to clarify the needs serendipity in creating new business. The authors will show that serendipity is capability method of finding potential needs and/or new markets. In economic society, potential needs and/or new markets are only partially exposed, such as an iceberg. Serendipity is a capability that can expose the potential hidden part through accidental opportunity. Something more concrete can be formed from the exposed parts. The authors describe cases that demonstrate the usefulness of serendipity. In one case, a high-tech start-up had intended to use medical electronic equipment and/or industrial electronic equipment as the first application of their core technology. In these markets, they were competing with established major companies, so this start-up had difficulty entering these markets. However, a specific distributor found potential needs that were met by the start-up＇s products, and has created a new market by combining their core technology with social needs. The authors define serendipity capability by analyzing this case example and argue that serendipity can contribute to finding opportunities and solving social issues.     

空间利用的变革：北京的经历

Specific changes in land use can, and often do, occur when any social economic system moves from one form to another. When traditional societies transit from traditional land uses to philosophically determined land uses, as in the case of the introduction of socialism or the transition from system of planned economy to a market system, such changes seem concentrated and perhaps exacerbated. Certainly, such circumstances provide the opportunity to see the process of social philosophy and its impact upon land use in a telescoped fashion, The discovery and explanation of these elements might provide some insight into basic human behavior, and its relationship to social control and how people organize space both with and without control. This paper presents the results of observations of changes in land use as they have occurred during the course of transitional economic development in Beijing, China for the past decade. It suggests three new generic categories that can be applied to any culture or society.     

土地可持续利用的生态经济规划

生态经济规划是实现土地可持续利用的客观要求,有别于传统规划模式。它把土地生态经济系统作为自己的规划对象,把实现土地可持续利用作为规划目标,生态经济平衡是土地可持续利用规划的前提条件,通过有效的生态经济规划,在保证生态安全性和经济有效性的前提下,使土地利用程度与其生态经济阈值相协调,实现土地利用生态目标和经济目标的协调统一。土地可持续利用的生态经济规划就是在保持土地生态经济系统平衡的前提下,使生态、经济和社会三效益得到同步提高。     

土地可持续利用决策模式及基本原则初探

土地可持续利用是实现我国可持续发展战略目标的根本保证，其决策行为必须适应可持续发展的要求。本文针对传统的土地利用决策观念与可持续发展要求之间的矛盾，结合决策学理论和可持续发展准则，对土地可持续利用决策模式及基本原则进行了初步探讨。     

Predicting land use allocation in France: A spatial panel data analysis

Predictions of future land use areas are an important issue as land use patterns significantly impact environmental conditions (biodiversity, water pollution, soil erosion, and climate change) as well as economic and social welfare. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of aggregated land use share models, we propose in this paper a methodological contribution by controlling for both unobserved individual heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation. Our model is a land use shares model applied to aggregated data in France. Our dataset is a panel which covers both time series observations from 1992 to 2003 and cross-sectional observations by Département (equivalent to NUTS3 regions). We consider four land use classes: (1) agriculture, (2) forest, (3) urban and (4) other use. We investigate the relation between the areas in land in different alternative uses and economic and demographic factors influencing land use decisions. Based on the comparison of prediction accuracy of different model specifications, our findings are threefold: First, controlling for both unobserved individual heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation outperforms any other specification in which spatial autocorrelation and/or individual heterogeneity are ignored. Second, accounting for cross-equation correlations does not seem to improve the prediction performances and finally, ignoring individual heterogeneity introduces substantial loss in prediction accuracy.     

哈尔滨市所辖周边市县用地规模合理性的空间分异

判断和比较一定区域内各城市用地规模的合理性,并确定其空间分布,为制定区域社会经济发展战略提供重要依据和参考.文章以哈尔滨市周边10个市县为研究区域,从经济、社会和生态3个方面构建城市用地规模合理性的评价指标体系,运用熵值法,对2006年各市县用地规模的合理性进行定量计算和修正.结果表明:在经济、社会和生态相协调的总目标限定下,哈尔滨市周边市县用地规模合理性空间分布存在一定的差异.双城市、巴彦县用地规模的合理性较好,木兰县、通河县、延寿县用地规模的合理性较差,宾县、依兰县、方正县、尚志市、五常市的用地规模不合理.在对各市县的评价结果进行比较后提出了加强用地规模合理性的建议.     

城市土地利用政策——以香港、深圳为例

土地作为城市的基本构成要素,是城市发展的重要载体。土地利用政策决定着城市土地利用的动态变化。同时该政策的制定又受到社会发展阶段、经济水平等其他因素的影响。研究中国深圳特区和香港两个国际化大都市在不同的发展历程下城市土地利用政策的变化。对于其他城市的发展具有借鉴意义。文章对两座城市所经历的土地利用政策进行深刻剖析．结果发现香港占总面积24％的建成区（住宅区占总面积的7％）容纳了700多万的居住人口,并且人均生产总值30041．43美元。其郊野面积及非建筑占总面积的76％。这样高密度、高效率同时又为城市的可持续发展保留大量的有待开发的土地资源,其城市土地利用政策,值得世界其他城市借鉴。而深圳作为中国改革开放城市发展的成功典范,到2009年,其建设土地占特区总面积的32．8％,容纳了超过331万居住人口．其人均生产总值19760．80美元。说明深圳特区的土地利用的经济效益远远达不到香港水平,城市建筑面积在短时间内的大肆扩张。也说明深圳经济的增长是以大量的土地投入作支撑。土地的空间利用效益不高,不利于城市的可持续发展。     

基于微观视角的河南省农区经济类型划分

以河南省2191个乡镇单元为基础,从农区区位条件、经济发展、社会状况、土地资源支持、农区科教管理子系统来勾勒河南省的农区经济系统,利用主成分分析等方法,将河南省农村经济类型划分为富裕区、小康区、温饱区、贫困区4种类型.再进一步划分为9大亚区、28个小农区,并就每个类型区的空间分布、社会经济发展特征进行了阐明,为进一步制定区域发展政策提供科学依据.     

山西农村老年照料的个案研究

利用"社会照料"的理论,通过对永济市农村老年照料模式的个案研究,从三个维度分析了农村老年照料传统模式的特点,指出了传统模式的优势和面临的挑战。     

湖南省耕地变化的趋势及其政策选择

经济社会发展加快了土地利用,造成耕地资源的进一步减少,要实现经济、社会协调发展,就必须了解耕地的变化和利用状况。文章应用相关分析方法对湖南省总人口、房地产投资、城市化水平、国民生产总值指数进行分析,结果表明它们与湖南省年末实有耕地面积变化具有很大的相关性;同时又应用多元线性回归方法定量分析了湖南经济社会发展对耕地利用数量的变化状况,并根据模型预测了2010—2030年湖南省年末实有耕地面积的变化。在此基础上,提出了保护耕地的政策选择是控制人口增长、适时加快城市化进程、调整土地利用结构、提高土地效应、提高农业用地效益等。     

筚路蓝缕异乡路:剪子湾的人口迁移(晚清—1949年)

剪子湾是一个非常典型的移民村庄,分析其人口变迁的过程,可为观察与研究城郊农村社会转型尤其是20世纪以来农村城市化进程,提供一个不可多得的标本。采用历史学的实证方法和社会学的田野调查,对剪子湾遗留的地契、清队登记表、口述资料展开了历史考察与成因解释,其中晚清至民国期间的人口发展与变迁是这一考察的核心。剪子湾的人口变迁由特定的经济、政治和社会诸多因素构成,是一个时间和空间上逐渐变化的过程。在来自不同方向的推力和拉力的综合作用下,大批的农民迁移到剪子湾,并由此形成了剪子湾独特的移民文化。