共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Paul Pecorino 《Southern economic journal》2016,83(2):380-398
I develop a model in which a firm can choose to donate a portion of its profits to the provision of a public good. Consumers value this public good and are willing to pay a price premium to a firm which makes such a donation. When this price premium is sufficiently large, the firm can raise its net profits by pledging a portion of those profits to provision of the public good. This is more likely when the consumer's marginal valuation of contributions to the public good is high and when the firm (in the absence of donations) has a high ratio of fixed costs to operating profits. I also identify circumstances under which corporate social responsibility makes consumers worse off. 相似文献
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andre hofmeyr justine burns martine visser 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2007,75(3):508-520
This paper analyses the impact of income inequality on public good provision in an experimental setting. A sample of secondary school students were recruited to participate in a simple linear public goods game where income heterogeneity was introduced by providing participants with unequal token endowments. The results show that endowment heterogeneity does not have any significant impact on contributions to the public good, and that consistent with models of reciprocity, low and high endowment players contribute the same fraction of their endowment to the public pool. Moreover, individuals appear to adjust their contributions in order to maintain a fair share rule. 相似文献
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Seiro ITO 《The Developing economies》2006,44(4):500-531
Despite every policymaker's recognition, enrollment rates of the low‐income countries remain low. A simple framework of understanding educational outcomes is presented using a unitary model with an altruistic parent and a child. The traditional interventions, so‐called supply‐side policies, and recent innovation of relaxing constraints faced by households, the conditional transfer programs or so‐called demand‐side policies, are reviewed. In addition, recent trends on estimation technique are discussed. It has been argued that randomization is clearly the best for inference, however, one may still want to choose the optimal combination of randomized experiments and observational data, as the former requires more resources and time. This is particularly true for economics than other hard sciences, partly because of our inability to fine‐tune the control, and partly because of our lack of solid microfoundation than other sciences when an experiment shows unexpected results. 相似文献
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morekwa e. nyamongo nicolaas j. schoeman 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2007,75(3):478-495
This paper investigates the progressivity of personal income tax in South Africa over the period 1989 to 2003. We use the effective, redistributive and disproportionality measures of progressivity and find that progressivity of the tax system increased over the period 1990 to 1994. However, during the first phase of the reform programmes the results are inconclusive with the Kakwani index (disproportionality measure) showing increased progressivity. The redistributive effect measure, on the other hand, indicates a marginal decline in progressivity. During the second phase of the reform programmes, both techniques suggest a worsening in progressivity. One explanation for the decline in progressivity during the latter period in the analysis is the fact that many more “new” taxpayers entered the tax net (higher income groups in our database) which made the distribution of pre‐tax income more unequal thus impacting on progressivity. On the other hand, the disproportionality measure shows a continuous, albeit volatile increase in progressivity over the latter period under investigation. 相似文献
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vimal ranchhod 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2006,74(4):725-744
In this paper, we estimate the effect of the means tested South African Old Age Pension on labour supply amongst the elderly African subpopulation in South Africa. We find significant decreases in employment rates and labour supply. Those who remain employed beyond the pensionable age are more likely to work in jobs with flexible hours of work, and work even fewer hours than people in similar jobs who are not pension age‐eligible. Our results suggest that governments do need to consider the labour supply related incentives provided via its various welfare programmes. 相似文献
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dorothée boccanfuso antonio estache luc savard 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2009,77(1):127-147
This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) micro-simulation model to explore the distributional and poverty-related effects of price reform in the electricity sector of Mali, a poor country in West Africa. In the first part of the paper we analyse the distribution of electricity in Mali by income deciles, showing that few poor households are connected to the electricity grid. We then apply a sequential CGE micro-simulation model to track the transmission mechanisms between increases in electricity prices and changes in poverty and inequality among different household groups. Our results show that direct price increases have a minimal effect on poverty and inequality, whereas the general equilibrium effects of such increases are quite strong and negative. The compensating policies we tested do not help those who lose from the pricing reform. In fact they amplify the negative effects. 相似文献
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GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE AND THE OPTIMAL TIME PATH OF A CARBON TAX 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The existing models of fossil fuel consumption with carbon accumulationimply that the optimal time path of carbon tax is either hump-shapedor monotonically decreasing. These models specify the decayof atmospheric carbon as a constant rate of total concentration.We extend this specification to more accurately reflect theglobal carbon cycle models of climatologists and show that thisextension changes the basic economic properties of the optimalcarbon tax. Our analysis reveals that the optimal carbon taxmay as well be constant through time, increase monotonically,or have a U-shape. In addition, optimal resource extractionmay have an open-close- open cycle. 相似文献
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Kim Jo‐Seol 《The Developing economies》2004,42(2):146-175
The legal framework for social security in the Republic of Korea began to be formed in the early 1960s (the first period) and further progress was made during the process of democratization in the 1980s (the second period). However, it remained a “top‐down” residual system, preserving conservative elements. With the constitutional lawsuit over the right to life in 1994 as a turning point, however, there was a major shift to a universal system, supported by “bottom‐up” efforts through petitions to the National Assembly and legislation by Assembly members. This led to the enactment of the Framework Act on Social Security (1995), the National Basic Livelihood Security Act (1999) and other measures (the third period). This paper attempts to analyze the Korean‐style welfare state by tracking these institutional changes as well as the main actors. 相似文献
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Pierre De Villiers Gert Steyn 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2007,75(1):136-154
Higher education displays characteristics of both private and public goods and there is a trend worldwide to expect individuals to pay more of the costs of their higher education. In South Africa public funding of higher education decreased from 0.86% of GDP in 1986 to only 0.66% in 2006; so that student tuition fees had to be increased to compensate for this loss of income. In the process staff numbers were kept relatively constant while student numbers increased appreciably. Two future scenarios, based on public higher education expenditure as a percentage of GDP and on real state allocation per WFTES, are spelt out. Although the qualifications awarded per FTE academic staff member increased over time, the graduation rates of the higher education institutions in South Africa are worsening. High‐level research, measured in publication units per FTE academic staff member, shows a disturbing decreasing trend since 1997. 相似文献
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Erik O. Kimbrough 《Southern economic journal》2017,84(2):391-406
We report an experimental test of alternative rules in innovation contests when success may not be feasible and contestants may learn from each other. Following Halac, Kartik, and Liu (in press), the contest designer can vary the prize allocation rule from Winner‐Take‐All (WTA) in which the first successful innovator receives the entire prize to Shared in which all successful innovators during the contest duration share in the prize. The designer can also vary the information disclosure policy from Public in which at each period, all information about contestants' past successes and failures is publicly available, to Private, in which contestants only know their own histories. In our setting, the optimal contest design in terms of maximizing the probability that at least one innovator is successful depends on the probability of successful innovation, given that innovation is feasible. Under some parameters the designer will prefer a WTA‐Public contest; while, under others he will prefer Shared‐Private. Our experiments provide evidence that Private disclosure contests behaviorally dominate Public disclosure, regardless of the prize allocation rule, and moreover that Shared‐Private contests dominate WTA‐Private contests. 相似文献
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L.l. Ellis 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2006,74(4):682-701
Based on the Bureau of Economic Research (BER's) 2005 HIV/AIDS survey, this paper provides a snapshot view of the nature and the extent of the impact of HIV/AIDS on companies of different sizes in South Africa, as well as their response to the epidemic. Whereas the focus of most of the previous workplace surveys has been on “evaluating workplace responses”, the present study also considers the economic impact of HIV/AIDS. This study provides evidence of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the largest sample of small, medium and large companies in South Africa to date. The survey results suggest that employer responses are strongly linked to company size, with the majority of medium and large companies indicating that they have an HIV/AIDS policy in place and small companies having done little in the way of action against the epidemic. 相似文献
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sm ali abbas yuri v. sobolev 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2009,77(2):257-281
The observed increase in the level and volatility of Tanzania's Treasury yields in recent years against an otherwise benign macroeconomic backdrop presented a puzzle for policymakers, while raising concerns about the fiscal burden of rising debt interest payments and diversion of bank credit away from the private sector. Using evidence from bid-level data, and supported by a simple theorising of bidder incentives under unorthodox issuance practices, this paper traces the recent volatility in yields to the emergence of a sharp segmentation of the T-bill market between sophisticated financial market players (foreign-controlled banks) and a less-experienced group of investors (domestic pension funds and small banks). An important policy recommendation that emerges is that public debt managers should avoid micro-managing Treasury bill auctions by issuing amounts in excess of those offered or by dipping into oversubscribed segments of the yield curve, as such practices seriously disadvantage the less-sophisticated (but more competitive) investors vis-à-vis the more sophisticated players. 相似文献
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数的空间性和无限可分性,导致了数具有不确定性.0.(N-1)01即是被假设为最小数,其他任何一个数都是由这个数累加而得到的.只有假定一个最小数时,其它任何一个数才会有它相对准确的位置与大小,才会有其存在的真正意义.另一方面,只有给以最小数的假设,使得教的无限性和有限性在对立中统一.同时对无限小数和其对应的分数之间另行定生为大约相等的性质,使无限小数在进行四则运算中产生的误差得到合理的解释. 相似文献
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Current statistics of Australian public borrowing to 1914 suffer from several limits. On the basis of a comprehensive revision, an upward bias is shown in all the alternative time series of London borrowing, while statistics of local bond issues are derived for the first time. The new time series show the importance of the initial borrowing cycle during the 1850s and 1860s; the scale of debt repatriation from the mid-1890s; the interaction between domestic and overseas borrowing before the 1880s; and the potential significance of remittance as an 'invisible stabiliser' of the exchanges and alternative indirect source of capital imports. 相似文献
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ON THE ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 'INSTITUTIONAL' REMEDIES 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The most common approach to testing for the benefits of central-bankindependence is argued to be methodologically flawed for thereason that the measure of independence does not permit a testthe hypothesis which suggests that these benefits exist. Particulardoubt is cast on the merits of proposals to legislate to createindependence. The argument is elucidated by comparison withthe testing of a hypothesis about the benefits of centralizedand decentralized unions. 相似文献