明末四川皇木采办的变化

Ｉ、问题的提出到现在为止 ,对于明代的皇木采办情况主要都是从影响森林环境的恶影响的视角来研究的。当然笔者并不是否认这一点 ,并且认为今后这也无疑是要受到相当重视的研究课题。本稿将从当时皇木采办的实际情况出发 ,主要想就商人参与采办的有关问题及其所具有的历史意义作一阐述。明代中期以后 ,商业发达 ,山西或徽州出身的商人更是活跃 ,这是众所周知的事实。木材部门也不例外 ,他们的活动片鳞在史料中可以经常见到。也许是因为史料的零星片甲 ,所以有关它的研究到现在为止也不太多① ,特别是有关皇木调达就更少之又少② ,而对于商人…     

新型现代化诉求:"低熵化发展模式"

"熵"系指"可用能量的消耗",或某一系统中存在的一定单位的无效能量的总和与"不能再被转化做功的能量的总和的测定单位"."熵"理论修正了"热力学第一定律",并解释了后者无力说明的问题.如一块在自然状态下燃烧的煤,至少有如下五个直接或间接的后果:一是产生了热量;二是转化为二氧化碳等气体;三是煤在结束了先前的实存状态后完成了从有到无的质变;四是煤完全丧失了重新做功的能力;五是二氧化碳等气体进入大气层.热力学第一定律只能解释煤燃烧的前两个后果,而无力说明后三个后果.     

建筑工程深基坑施工安全探讨

随着建设工程向地下延伸,深大基坑施工越来越多,周围环境越来越复杂,而由深基坑施工诱发的事故后果常常都十分严重,典型的事故就是边坡失稳坍塌.坍塌事故所包含的基坑破坏主要有五类,一是倾覆破坏;二是整体稳定破坏;三是剪切破坏;四是渗透破坏,流砂、流土或管涌.这些由于深基坑施工带来的安全隐患时于建筑工程相应的安全措施有了一定的要求.本文就建筑工程深基坑施工安全的问题,进行了探讨.     

做好受灾人群的心理辅导工作

5.12突如其来的四川汶川大地震,除了给当地人民的生命和财产带来了严重的损失外,还给经历了这场灾难的人们造成了巨大心理创伤.     

不断探索前进的艰辛历程——读傅衣凌著《明清社会经济史论文集》

傅衣凌先生的新著《明清社会经济史论文集》,已于一九八二年六月由人民出版社刊行面世.这本三十三万四千字的著作,选辑了作者四十年来研究明清社会经济史的论文共二十九篇,按专题性质和时代前后并参照写作年代排列,分为五卷:卷一,封建经济与资本主义萌芽问题;卷二,农业、手工业;卷三,商业、贸易与市镇;卷四,财政、金融;卷五,阶级、阶级斗争.这本新书,可以说比较全面地反映了作者对明清社会经济各个领域的研究成果,比较系统地反映了作者在四十年间不断探索、不断前进的学术研究演变过程.初读之后,受益匪浅,这儿试略谈一点心得体会.     

论人民内部的矛盾和斗争问题

正确处理人民内部的矛盾和斗争问题,历来是一个极其重大的问题。多年来,除了林彪、“四人帮”出于篡党夺权的反革命目的而进行破坏干扰之外;我们有的同志,由于种种原因,也不能正确地对待人民内部的矛盾和斗争,由此造成了严重的恶果。关于人民内部有没有阶级斗争问题,当前存在着三种不同的看法:(一)人民内部有阶级斗争;(二)人民内部没有阶级斗争;(三)人民内部有没有阶级斗争要作具体分析。这些意见对不对呢?虽然都有其合理的、正确的方面,但是,对于“人民”和“阶级     

支持广西全面建成小康社会的财政政策措施研究

一、广西全面建设小康社会实现程度评估基本情况(一)全面建成小康社会的内涵及监测指标体系。党的十八大报告中明确提出要确保到2020年实现全面建成小康社会的宏伟目标,全面建成小康社会主要表现在五个方面:一是经济持续健康发展,二是人民民主不断扩大,三是文化软实力显著增强,四是人民生活水平全面提高,五是资源节约型、环境友好     

产业生产力发展规律研究——在首届全国绿色生产力研讨会上的发言

产业生产力发展有哪些客观规律呢 ?作者认为举其要者有下列十条。这十条可概括为“三、四、三” ,即“三化、四并存和三取代” :一是产业生产力全球化。它是世界经济发展的新阶段和必然趋势。二是产业生产力现代化。三是产业生产力入世化。四是结构调整与产业转移并存。五是垂直分工与水平分工并存。六是国内外合作与不平等和不平衡并存。七是高新技术产业发展与传统产业改造并存。八是“三、二、一”取代“一、二、三”。九是新中心取代老中心。十是绿色生产力取人灰色生产力     

加入WTO与我国人才资源开发

目前世界各国之间综合国力的竞争，归根到底是人才的竞争。我国人口总体素质亟待提高。我们只有变人口大国为人才大国，特别是要拥有一大批高素质的人才，才能在全球竞争中立于不败之地。我国人才面临的挑战：一是人才缺乏，尤其是高层次人才严重短缺；二是专业技术人才素质不够高；三是人才外流严重；四是专业技术人才资源配置不合理；五是专业技术人才没有得到充分利用。“入世”为我国人才队伍带来的机遇：一是为我国提供了巨大的人才市场；二是有利于我国专业技术人才提高技术水平；三是有利于我国大量引进专业人才；四是有利于我国人才队伍发展壮大。开发人才资源的对策：一要为人才创造良好环境，吸引人才，培育人才；二要搞好人才规划，调整人才结构；三是积极参与国际人才竞争；四是进一步扩大和规范人才市场；五要加强对各类对人才的继续教育。     

第一代中央领导集体救灾度荒思想与实践

以毛泽东、周恩来为代表的党的第一代领导人持之以恒毫不松懈地紧抓救灾工作，形成了一套科学的救灾度荒思想。概括起来，主要包括五个方面：一是狠抓农业，力求丰产；二是兴修水利，标本兼治；三是未雨绸缪、防患未然；四是齐心协力，生产自救；五是提倡勤俭，节约度荒；六是植树造林，保护生态。这些救灾度荒思想在实践中取得了突出的成效。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.