Institutional factors affecting wild edible plant (WEP) harvest and consumption in semi-arid Kenya

Pervasive food insecurity and poverty in much of the world drives vulnerable populations to harvest natural resources as a means of generating income and meeting other household needs. Wild edible plants (WEPs) are a particularly common and effective coping strategy used to increase socio-ecological resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa where agricultural systems are often sensitive to environmental perturbations and instability. WEPs are collected across the landscape, from agricultural areas to government-managed hilltops with varying degrees of success and legality. This multiple case study research, conducted in Eastern Province, Kenya, investigates the formal forest regulations and land tenure rights, as well as local enforcement and understanding of those rules, in order to understand their impact on the ability of vulnerable populations to use WEPs as a coping strategy. The results suggest that widespread confusion, trust issues and a strong focus on the commercialization of wild foods are limiting the possible contribution of WEPs to food security and increased socio-ecological resilience. We identify a number of policy changes and extension programs that could better support local communities relying on WEPs for subsistence purposes to improve their adaptive capacity.     

Demand for food in Myanmar (Burma)

Aggregate quarterly time series data from 1975 to 1987 on government procurement prices and open (black) market prices were used in estimating an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and double-log models for consumption of foodstuffs in Myanmar. The results from the AIDS model were superior to those from the double-log models. The estimated income elasticity of demand for non-meat foodstuffs was high, even for low-quality rice, which has been shown to be an inferior good in other Asian countries. The income elasticities for the non-cereals (groundnut oil, sesame oil, pulses, potato and onion) are positive and less than one. Contrary to expectation, the income elasticities for all meat items are low. Own-price elasticities for most foodstuffs were less than one. The estimated cross-price elasticities indicate the complementary nature of the basic food items to rice. A brief analysis of the effects of taxing Myanmarese rice exports and subsidising consumers indicated that there are net costs to government, unevenly distributed welfare gains to consumers and welfare losses to farmers.     

New uses for old traditional farm buildings: The case of the underground wine cellars in Spain

Traditional buildings are important features of the rural landscape and a valuable documental source about rural technology and ways of life in the countryside. For the last 60 years many traditional farm buildings have lost their original function because of the great changes in the European agricultural sector. Their respectful conversion to adopt new activities provides economic, socio-cultural and landscape benefits for promoters and the whole rural community. Traditional wine caves used for the production and storage of wine are particular good examples of redundant rural buildings needing for viable new uses. The aims of this paper are to present the architectural features of these agro-industrial spaces and to discuss suitable new uses for them. The technical, socioeconomic and legal contexts of the reuse are also examined in the paper. The use of traditional wine cellars in the production of high-quality artisanal wines, cheeses and cured meats, for cultural activities, as restaurants, or in the production of mushrooms, among others, are viable reuse proposals according to the current needs in the Mediterranean rural areas. Nevertheless, special care must be taken when restoring these spaces in order to respect the identity and the aesthetic appeal of the ancient cellars and not to come into conflict with the planning and building regulations.     

The Demand for Atlantic Salmon in Canada

This paper estimates values for a few important parameters related to the Atlantic salmon market in Canada. Included among the estimated parameters are income and price elasticities of demand. Many economists are currently engaged in the study of economic feasibility of farmed Atlantic salmon in Canada. In these studies forecasts of demand for Atlantic salmon play a crucial role. Since there are no serious studies on relevant elasticity estimates, the researchers have so far relied on extrapolations of historical time series data on demand (see, for example, Marine Science Research Laboratory (198O), Ridler (1983)). In this study we have formulated and estimated demand equations for Atlantic salmon using Canadian data covering the period between 1955 and 1981. We have found a very high value for both price and income elasticities of demand. High elasticity values have interesting implications for salmon farming. The domestic market can absorb additional supplies for Atlantic salmon. A high price elasticity guarantees that there is scope for salmon fishermen to increase their revenue by selling a higher volume in the Canadian market. The value of income elasticity suggests that Atlantic salmon is a strongly superior good. Various pressure groups in Canada and elsewhere have been claiming that Atlantic salmon is an endangered species and restrictions on catches must be imposed to save the species from total extinction. Implications of such controls have been analyzed in the light of the calculated value of the elasticities. Cet article fait une estimation de valeurs pour quelques paramètres importants reiatifs à la vente du saumon de l'Atlantique au Canada. Re-venus et élasticité des prix à la demands sont inclus parmi les paramétres étudiés. Un certain nombre d'économistes étudient en ce moment l'-aspect économique de I'implantation d'élevages de saumon de l'Atlantique au Canada. Dans ces études les previsions portant sur la demande jop-uent un rolê-clé. Etant donné qu'il n'y a pas d'études sérieuses sur les estimations d'élasticité, les chercheurs se sont appuyésA jusqu'ici sur des extrapolations à partir de séries de données historiques sur la demande. Dans cette étude nous avons formulé et estimé des équations de demande pour 1e saumon de l'Atlantique qui utilisent des données canadi-ennes entre 1955 et 1981, Nous avons trouvé une très naute valeur pour l'éasticitéà la fois des pris et des revenus. La haute élasticité des valeurs a des implications intáressantes pour l'élevage du saumon. Le marché domestique peut aisément absorber une quantité supplémentalre de saumons. Une élasticité dans la gamine élevée des prix permet de garan-tir aux éleveurs de saumon une augmentation de leurs revenus par la vente d'un volume accru sur le marché canadien. La valeur de l'élasticité du revenu suggère que le saumon de l'Atlantique est une denrée su-périeure et qu'avec une augmentation du revenu réél per capita, la demande domestique augmentera à un rythme plus rapide. Plusieurs groupes de pression au Canada et ailleurs soutiennent que le saumon atlantique est une espèce en danger et que des restrictions sur les prises doivent Ctre imposées pour sauver ces espèces d'une extinction totale. Les implications de ce genre de contrôle ont áté ana-lysées à la lumière de la valeur calculée ces élasticités.     

The Palm Oil Import Demand in Middle East and North African (MENA) Countries

Abstract

The palm oil import demand in selected Middle East and North African (MENA) countries, represented by 10 single equation models, have been analysed through utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique. The findings of the study show that the palm oil prices as well as the national income are significant determinants of palm oil demand across the 10 models. The prices of substitute oils in almost all countries have been found to play an important role in shaping the palm oil demand. Other factors such as high palm oil discount, the 1970s world petroleum prices boom, the anti-palm oil campaign, trade embargos on Libya and Iraq, and exchange rate also proved to be important factors affecting import demand for palm oil in some MENA countries.     

Soil-specific agro-ecological strategies for sustainable land use – A case study by using MicroLEIS DSS in Sevilla Province (Spain)

To reverse the negative environmental impacts of agriculture, a land evaluation decision support system (DSS) known as MicroLEIS-DSS was used to design the most sustainable land use and management practices for selected Mediterranean benchmark sites in Sevilla Province, Southern Spain. This DSS is based on the multifunctional evaluation of soil quality, using input data collected in standard soil surveys, and with particular reference to the peculiarities of the Mediterranean region. Specific agro-ecological strategies to prevent soil degradation in the benchmark sites were designed within two major topics: (i) strategies related to land use planning at a regional level: segregation of agricultural lands, restoration of marginal areas, diversification of crop rotation, and identification of vulnerability areas; and (ii) those related to land management planning at a farm level: organic matter restoration, formulation of tillage practices and workability timing, optimum machinery use, and input rationalization. The predicted results of applying the 12 agro-ecological land evaluation model constituents of MicroLEIS DSS are presented and discussed for each application site. The main conclusion of this paper is that using soil type information in decision-making is at the heart for sustainable use and management of agricultural land. This agro-ecological approach can be especially useful when formulating soil-specific agricultural practices to reverse environmental degradation, based on the spatial variability of soils and related resources.     

An Econometric Analysis of Total (Domestic) and Import Demand for Beef in Hong Kong

This paper presents an applied econometric analysis of total (domestic and import) demand for beef in Hong Kong for the period 1970 to 1988. The estimates are in logarithmic form and provide elasticity estimates for beef demand (domestic and import) in Hong Kong. Variables in the estimated domestic demand models (per capita and aggregate) include own price, prices of a substitute (pork) and a complement (rice) and income. Variables in the estimated import demand model include demand side variables (price of beef, price of pork, price of rice and income) and the price of imported live cattle as a supply shifting variable. The elasticities were inelastic for the domestic demand models while most of those for the import demand model were elastic.     

The Demand for Food Quality in Rural China

Many studies of food demand do not use actual prices but unit values, obtained by dividing expenditures by the quantity consumed. This can bias empirical analyses because unit values are not exogenous market prices; they reflect household food quality choices within each food category. This article develops a framework for assessing the resulting bias in income and price elasticities of demand and applies the framework to data for rural China. Empirical results indicate that households in rural China tend to consume higher-quality food as income increases, with a greater sensitivity to income for basic foods than for luxury foods.     

The Demand for Atlantic Salmon in Canada: Reply

In their comment on our paper, Bing-Hwan Lin and Nancy Williams have raised some interesting issues, but some of them are peripheral to the objective of our original study. The central objective of our original paper is to estimate income and price elasticities of demand for Atlantic salmon in Canada and then to use the parameter values to evaluate the market potential of farmed Atlantic salmon which are now being produced in Atlantic Canada. Accordingly, a demand equation has been estimated using annual data for the period 1955–1981. The inverted form has given a good fit and the results are reported in the paper.     

"十一五"期间我国农业投资需求研究

本文首先对过去20余年的农业投资总量和结构进行分析，总结其规律和特点；其次是根据历史数据建立预测模型，测算“十一五”期间的农业投资总量和结构；最后提出对策与建议。     

Approaches to validating a mutual participatory web-planning interface in rural Extremadura (Spain)

In this work, a mutual participatory web-planning interface was developed to support rural tourism building integrations into a landscape that combines multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA); an application of the proposed interface for the Hervás region (northern Extremadura region) in Spain is further presented. Through the web interface with the given methods, stakeholders can reflect upon their individual experiences to achieve desirable planning outcomes through asynchronous, distributed collaboration with the public. Based on the qualitative and quantitative content and survey data set, this study examined the identification of spatial models that could implement different perceptions and promote the sharing of knowledge about integrating buildings into a rural landscape, the certification of the possible impact on tourism and the refining of the interface's usability. To strengthen data interpretation, these hypotheses were analysed by four different clusters of people with the aid of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) tests: weak ties, socially linked, roots and resources, and dedicated to the place, based on social and emotional terms. In general, most participants gave a positive response to the questions and an interesting fact amongst the findings was the difference between roots and resources (positive to building integrations) and dedicated to the place (negative to building integrations). Thus, the analysed results demonstrated that the web interface could achieve a consensus on recommendations for the spatial planning with the implementation of decision alternatives and understanding of the other interest groups’ preferences.     

The Demand for Hedging and the Value of Hedging Opportunities

Hedging strategies typically assume that hedging is costless and that only one futures market exists. When these assumptions are dropped, the demand for hedging is shown to depend on basis risk, price risk, and the hedger's risk preference. The marginal and incremental value of hedging opportunities are computed for the general cases of one and two markets and applied to the specific case of Pennsylvania dairy input hedging.     

"十一五"期间我国棉花供给与需求预测分析

本文应用灰色系统理论对“十一五”期间我国棉花供给与需求进行预测分析,探寻可能发生的棉花供需缺口,并推导出保持我国“十一五”期间棉花供需均衡的政策性建议。同时,还为灰色系统理论在农产品供需预测领域的应用提供了范例。     

The Demand for Salmon in the European Union: The Importance of Product Form and Origin

This paper addresses the importance of different product forms and their origin when considering the market structure in the European salmon market. The competition between farmed salmon and wild caught Pacific salmon has received some attention previously. However, this was before frozen Atlantic salmon emerged as an important product form in the market. This could be important as frozen Atlantic salmon is more likely to be a close substitute for Pacific salmon, which is mostly marketed frozen, than is fresh Atlantic salmon. In this paper, an almost ideal demand system is used to estimate the demand for fresh Atlantic salmon, frozen Atlantic salmon and frozen Pacific salmon in the European Union.