土地利用数据质量检查方法研究与实现

为了确保土地利用数据的正确性和规范性,推动土地利用数据的整合和共享,为新一轮土地调查提供技术保障,必须对土地利用数据质量进行科学、合理的检查.从成果资料的规范性、图形数据精度、属性数据精度和图数一致性四方面详细分析了土地利用数据质量检查的内容,提出了自动检查和人机交互相结合的数据质量检查方法.利用层次分析法,建立了数据质量评价模型,并在此基础上,借助ArcEngine 9.2组件开发了土地利用数据质量检查系统,实现了灵活、高效的土地利用数据质量检查、错误预处理与评价.     

系统动力学模型在土地资源研究中的应用——以大庆市地区为例

系统动力学最大的特点是能够处理高阶次、非线性、多重反馈、复杂时变的系统问题,而土地利用是一个非线性的动态过程,这其中涉及到很多经济社会的、环境生态的因素相互作用。大庆市由于几十年来石油工业的发展导致了土地资源的减少和生态环境的退化;针对上述情况应用系统动力学模型根据该地区的土地演变数据和经济发展影响土地变化的数据作为主导驱动力来研究该地区土地利用变化情况,反映出当地经济发展与土地变化之间的因果关系,提出大庆地区的土地利用中存在的问题以及解决的方法,为大庆市土地资源可持续发展提供科学的理论支持。     

土地督察数据更新机制和流程研究

为保障土地督察数据的现势性,制定合理并且有效的数据更新机制和流程十分重要。通过建立土地督察数据更新框架体系,研究包括更新责任机构、更新周期、质量检查在内的更新策略,规定数据更新的质量检查和入库管理方案,探讨各类数据更新中的关键问题及更新后数据的应用方式,并制定一套具备应用价值的土地督察数据更新流程和机制。     

浙江省新一轮县乡级土地利用总体规划数据库建设研究

建立规划成果数据库是新一轮土地利用总体规划修编重要成果之一,浙江省在国家规划数据库标准出台之前,根据该省规划业务需要和自身特点,开展了县乡级土地利用总体规划数据库建设研究,从数据库建设方法、编制数据库标准、成果质量检查等方面进行了探索分析,形成了具有该省特色的规划数据库建设技术路线,为该省新一轮县乡级土地利用总体规划数据库建设提供了指导依据和技术保障。     

基于遥感的乡镇级土地利用总体规划实施动态监测技术研究 ——以杭州市余杭区塘栖镇为例

研究目的：建立规划实施动态监测系统,及时反馈规划实施情况以及规划布局与现实的差距,实现“动态规划”。研究方法：文献分析法和实证研究。研究结果：阐述了基于SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据的规划实施动态监测的技术路线、精度要求,高分辨率遥感数据是快速进行乡镇级规划实施动态监测的技术支撑。研究结论：以杭州市余杭区塘栖镇为例,证实了SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据应用于土地利用规划实施动态监测的可行性。塘栖镇1997 — 2005年新增建设用地面积中符合土地利用总体规划中的建设预留区域用途管制规则的比例为86.84%,城乡居民点用地扩展违反规划用途管制规则最为显著。主动调整城乡空间发展过程中的群体利益,是编制第三轮乡镇级土地利用总体规划需要关注的。     

新形势下土地利用总体规划实施与保障——以嘉兴市为例

随着浙江省嘉兴市发展机遇、形势的变化和“十二五”有关专项规划的逐步出台,现有的土地利用空间布局与建设发展需求之间的矛盾以及规划执行中新问题、新困难逐步显现.本文依据现有资料以及实地调查研究的基础上,对嘉兴市土地规划实施情况、未来保障情况、存在的问题与困难等逐—进行分析研究,并有针对性地提出了建议措施,为嘉兴市土地利用总体规划实施与保障提供参考.     

基于ArcObjects和COM-Add-Ins乡级土地利用总体规划辅助编制系统设计与实现

研究目的：探讨基于ArcObjects开发乡级土地利用总体规划辅助编制信息工具集的技术路径。研究方法：针对乡级土地利用总体规划编制特点,在ArcObjects基础上,通过COM-Add-Ins的集成和解耦设计,充分应用ArcObjects空间计算、Excel数据统计、Matlab的数值分析和系统仿真的功能,设计和实现集成式乡级土地利用总体规划辅助编制系统（TLUPCS)。研究结果：TLUPCS系统实现了空间关系计算、净面积计算、指标空间关联计算、报表统计、图件设置、属性赋值和决策支持等规划辅助编制功能。研究结论： TLUPCS系统可以有效满足规划编制人员的实际业务需求,系统框架富有弹性,能够有效应对业务规则的变化,证明基于ArcObjects和COM-Add-Ins的开发技术方法是有效和先进的。     

土地利用现状数据转换方法与问题探讨——以云南省为例

云南省土地利用现状数据主要为MapGIS格式,少量县市采用MapInfo软件建库,为了统一管理,提高现有国土资源数据的利用和信息化水平,需要将现有数据转换为ArcGIS格式.通过探讨数据共享模式,结合开发的"云南省国土资源厅数据转换系统",详细论述了土地利用现状数据转换的过程以及质量检查的结果,对转换中存在的问题进行了探讨并给出了合理化的建议,供相关部门参考.     

土地覆盖分类系统研究进展

土地覆盖变化是全球变化研究中的一个重要内容，而建立一个标准的土地覆盖分类系统又是研究土地覆盖变化的重要前提，它影响分类结果的表达形式，决定土地覆盖数据的应用领域。文章对国内外的土地覆盖分类系统的研究进展和主要的分类系统进行了论述，指出目前分类系统一般都适用于特定的数据类型和研究目的，全球的土地覆盖分类没有一个统一的标准。这种土地覆盖分类系统的不兼容性，给土地覆盖数据的汇总、分析及信息共享工作带来了很多不便。因此迫切需要建立一个标准的分类系统，使分类系统所定义的类别不受尺度和数据资料来源的限制，能够灵活地应用于不同的研究目的和研究领域。     

浙江省1996 — 2005年土地利用变化分析

研究目的：依据浙江省土地概查、土地详查、土地变更调查、土地更新调查成果,分析不同时段土地利用状况,构建浙江省1996 — 2005年“土地利用转移矩阵”,分析各种地类变化情况,为土地利用总体规划修编和实施“以图管地”新机制提供决策依据。研究方法：文献分析法,实证分析法。研究结论：1996 — 2005年,浙江省农业结构调整、生态退耕、农田基础设施建设累计占耕地减少面积的59.39%,城乡居民点及独立工矿、交通、水利等建设占用耕地占37.65%。浙江省优质耕地与快速城市化区域在空间分布上高度重合,必须科学地编制与实施省、市、县、乡4级土地利用总体规划,协调保护耕地与保障城乡建设用地需求间的关系,调控土地利用方向。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.