中国地方政府土地租税收入变化对城市建设用地扩张的影响

研究目的:考察地方政府土地租税收入与城市建设用地扩张之间的相互影响。研究方法:以中国大陆1990—2013年的地方政府土地收入和建设用地数据进行实证检验,根据协整理论建立向量误差修正模型。研究结果:耕地占用税和国有土地使用权有偿出让收入与城市建设用地扩张具有长期均衡关系,土地租税收入具有促进城市建设用地扩张作用,其中土地出让收入是城市建设用地扩张的主要影响因素,地方政府土地租税收益分成的提高对城市建设用地扩张起到推动作用,建设用地变化仅与耕地占用税收入存在长期的双向因果关系。研究结论:地方政府的土地财政模式具有不可持续性,耕地占用税制度产生反向政策响应,合理调整土地财税体制和盘活存量土地才是地方政府经营城市土地的关键。     

基于面板数据的省域建设用地扩张驱动机制分析

为探明我国及东、中和西部地区建设用地扩张驱动因素作用机制,本文利用我国的29个省份1999-2013年数据,运用空间计量模型方法对建设用地扩张与驱动因素间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:1整体上看,人口、经济增长和固定资产投资与建设用地扩张体现为趋同效应,而产业结构调整有利于减少建设用地投入,反映地区差异政策的虚拟变量有利于促进建设用地扩张;2分区域来看,人口、经济增长和固定资产投资的作用均为正向,产业结构调整有利于东部地区减少建设用地投入,而对于中部和西部地区将促进建设用地扩张,反映政策变迁的虚拟变量对中部地区建设用地的扩张产生正向显著影响。最后,提出了东、中、西部地区差异化的对策建议为合理引导建设用地扩张提供参考。     

乌鲁木齐市城市化对土地利用结构的影响

利用乌鲁木齐市近年来的相关统计数据,分析了该市城市发展、土地利用结构变化情况、城市化对土地利用结构的影响.结果表明:乌鲁木齐市已进入城市化快速发展的关键期,产业结构逐步趋向合理,农用地向建设用地转化迅速,城市化对土地利用结构产生了有利与不利的影响,因此应该采取调整产业结构、制定城市空间发展战略、充分利用地下空间、建立土地利用动态监测与土地利用结构预警系统等措施促进土地利用结构变化与城市化协调发展.     

基于DSR的城乡结合部建设用地扩张机理研究

通过DSR研究框架,并将广西柳州市城乡结合部建设用地扩张的状态、驱动力和调控融入系统中进行综合分析,认为柳州市城乡结合部建设用地扩张的影响因素主要有政策与规划、人口与城市化水平、经济发展水平三个方面,用DSR模型将这三个因素与建设用地增长的关系表达出来,可将三个因素的作用方式分为促进建设用地增长、限制建设用地增长和促进建设用地集约利用等三种类型.     

我国特大城市用地扩张的驱动力分析

总结出1990年代以来我国特大城市用地扩张的3个特点：一为特大城市数量和用地总量持续增加，用地增速与城市化发展速度不协调；二为特大城市人均用地呈波动变化，市均用地则持续增加；三为特大城市用地结构中国林绿地和铺装道路面积明显增长；分析了影响我国特大城市用地扩张的驱动力因素有人口增长、经济发展、城市环境改善和社会因素等，通过逐步回归分析方法得出影响我国特大城市用地扩张的主要驱动力是人口增长和年末实有铕装道路面积的增长；为了今后能够合理有效地利用城市土地，有关部门应该积极采取相关政策来合理控制城市用地扩张的速度。     

城镇化背景下我国耕地的中长期预测

本文分析了中国耕地资源变化的现状;利用人口—耕地模型对中国耕地的中长期变化进行了预测;利用模型对各项建设用地的扩张和占用耕地情况进行了预测;对耕地的各项变更进行了预测。主要结论有耕地减少速度近中期较快,长期转缓;建设用地的扩张和占用耕地的数量取决于总人口的发展和城镇化的进程;建设占地将成为未来耕地减少的主要项目。提出应建立和实施严格的土地普查和管理制度,提高城市土地的利用效率和城郊农业的土地生产效率,提高耕地的质量水平,加强可持续发展规划以实现对土地资源的合理利用。     

盘活存量建设用地 控制新增建设用地

近年来，江苏省涟水县国土资源局在县委、县政府的领导下，科学规划，挖掘城镇存量土地，有效地控制了城市的外延扩张，提高了土地利用率，促进了城市化建设和工业化发展。1.从源头抓起，立足存量，充分发挥规划的宏观调控作用。认真编制县乡两级土地利用总体规划和城市建设规划，充分发挥土地在经济建设中的宏观调控作用。一是以供给制约和引导需求。首先保证国家和省重点项目用地需求，同时合理安排城市基础设施建设，科学规划工业用地。二是合理安排城乡居民点用地。通过调整城镇居民用地结构和整合农村居民点用地，到2020年可以腾出土地…     

城市建设用地规模预测方法与应用研究

合理确定城市用地规模,是衡量城市理性发展的重要依据。将灰色关联度引入城市建设用地的预测中,通过对双因素理论模型进行改进,建立建设用地规模的预测模型,通过对哈尔滨市2010年以及2020年城市建设用地规模进行预测,得知哈尔滨市的建设用地规模将会急剧扩张,这样势必会占用宝贵的耕地。抑制用地规模急剧扩张的势头,应采取挖掘城市存量土地的潜力,注重城市内涵发展,正确处理保护耕地与城市发展的关系,在加强土地用途管制的同时增加规划控制的灵活性与弹性。     

新疆产业结构优化对土地需求的影响分析

通过分析新疆产业结构和土地资源利用状况,运用数理统计方法分析了影响新疆产业对土地需求变化的驱动力,并采用定量与定性相结合的方法描述了三次产业产值比重和用地比重的变化趋势,最后,提出了保障土地资源利用与产业结构和谐发展的建议,对调整新疆产业结构和优化土地利用结构具有一定参考价值和指导意义.     

城镇化背景下江苏省建设用地扩张时空特征研究

建设用地是城市发展的重要载体，城镇化的发展必然导致建设用地的扩张，分析建设用地扩张特征对于区域土地利用结构优化具有重要意义。本研究以江苏省为例，利用江苏省2005年至2020年的土地利用数据，从建设用地扩张速度、扩张强度两方面对建设用地扩张时间特征进行分析；通过构建标准差椭圆得出建设用地重心，从建设用地重心迁移距离、重心迁移方向、重心迁移速率等方面对建设用地扩张空间特征进行分析。最后提出江苏省土地利用结构优化的对策建议，研究成果为区域土地利用规划提供积极的参考作用。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目