基于插件技术的多用途土地评价信息系统研究

研究目的:研制多用途土地评价信息系统,实现不同类型评价业务、评价方法模型的系统集成。研究方法:在分析与归纳现有评价技术流程的基础上,建立多用途土地评价的"业务结点—业务过程"逻辑关系模型,并设计包含数据接口、专业算法和应用表现等层次结构的评价业务插件和调用插件的宿主程序架构。研究结果:开发了土地评价业务结点插件库,在统一的数据库和软件平台上,实现了多用途土地评价业务需求环境下的系统功能集成。研究结论:基于插件思想设计的业务结点插件和宿主模型,有效地解决了多用途土地评价业务的系统集成问题,开发的评价业务结点插件库提高了相关业务系统的开发效率。     

新一代地质填图面临的挑战

区域地质调查是一项具有战略意义的综合性基础工作，是世界各国地质工作机构的基本职能和长期任务。八十年代以来，由于社会经济的发展和技术进步，传统区域地质调查工作现状与需求严重脱节。为适应社会经济发展的新形势，美、加、澳等发达国家自八十年代中期起，先后开始了新一代填图。1990年，由澳大利亚矿产能源委员会签署，由澳大利亚地质调查机构（AGSO）与各州地质调查所共同实施“全国地学镇图协定”，生产第二代地质图件。新一代填图的核心是采用多学科填图的方法，在高分辨率的机载地球物理和其它遥感数据的基础上，应用地理信息系统（GIS）和数字制图等先进技术编出新一代的地质图件，并派生出各种应用图件以满足不同用户的需求。本文根据澳大利亚第二代填图计划的实施情况以及遇到的问题，简要分析了新一代填图的目标、技术基础以及应用地理信息系统所要解决的问题：包括野外地质数据的采集与数字化；现存数据的利用；组合式基础地学数据库的建立；空间信息的综合分析方法的研究和数据标准等。     

作业成本法在地质事业单位预算管理中的应用——以中国地质调查局相关地质事业单位为例

地质调查项目是地质事业单位预算管理的重要内容,但地质事业单位却对项目预算编制方法、预算指标约束力和预算绩效指标设置等制约因素重视不够。文章通过分析地质调查项目预算编制的特点、内容和方法,在预算编制中引入作业成本法,以地质调查项目工作手段建立作业中心库,结合作业动因划分成本类型建立成本库,最终构建地质调查项目作业成本法模型。从源头上梳理项目工作量、预算标准、预算经费三者之间的量价费关系,从而界定“单位-部门-项目”不同层级的经济主体责任,并得出作业成本法在地质调查项目预算编制、支出、执行、绩效评价阶段应用的启示。     

基于CAD的城市规划制图与建库一体化——以浙江省湖州“规管系统”为例

城市规划数据建库能够实现对规划数据的有效管理,满足数据分析、管理、规划和决策的需求,而规划制图强调的是规划要素的符号化表达,两者面向的是不同的需求。因此,需建立一套城市规划制图与建库一体化系统,实现二者的有机结合。提出了基于CAD的城市规划制图与建库一体化设计方案和流程,并在实践的基础上总结了该方案可行性,从而使城市规划数据生产与管理具备统一性、完整性、规范性和可操作性以及能够实现实时动态更新。     

国土空间系统“三生”功能协同演化机制研究——以阜新市为例

研究目的:探索优化国土空间系统"三生"功能协同演化机制的理论框架、分析模型和实现途径。研究方法:通过构建系统动力学模型实现对国土空间系统"三生"功能演化的仿真,将仿真模型中测算的"‘三生’功能指数"动态变化值作为关键变量带入哈肯模型中,从而实现序参量的识别和协同演化机制的分析。研究结果:(1)"驱动—反馈"机制和"协同作用—序参量—支配原则"机制,共同组成了国土空间系统"三生"功能的协同演化机制,序参量的产生是系统协同演化机制形成的标志。(2)1990—2016年,在成立的运动方程中,γ_1为0.204,γ_2为0.697,γ_2γ_1,说明土地生产功能是土地生活功能的序参量;a和b均大于0,说明二者形成具有偏利共生关系的协同演化机制;但二者与土地生态功能子系统并未形成协同演化机制。(3)2017—2030年"三生"功能形成了三者协同演化机制,但其中未形成土地生产功能子系统与土地生态功能子系统的直接协同演化机制,这是未来进行协同演化机制优化的关键问题。研究结论:国土空间系统"三生"功能协同演化机制的建立和优化,是实现国土空间系统整体功能稳定发展和提升的前提和基础,也将是未来国土空间统筹规划实践的重点。     

地质大数据建库存量资料收集与整理方法研究

为进一步发挥地质大数据在国民经济、社会发展和城市建设中的基础支撑作用,提高地质工作的社会效益,实现地质大数据的精准服务和社会共享,加快地质大数据库建设步伐。以成都市地质大数据建库工作中存量地质资料的收集和整理为研究对象,简述了成都市存量地质资料的现状和特点,分析了成都市地质大数据建库对资料格式的要求,以真实性,准确性,完整性,统一性和简明性为原则将不同时期、不同介质、不同格式分散存储的存量地质资料进行了有效收集和标准化整理。总结了一套存量地质资料整理的有效方法,提高了存量地质资料整理的效率和质量,为成都市地质大数据建库工作的顺利推进提供了保障,也为成都市地质大数据社会化服务与共享奠定了庞大的数据基础。     

农村集体土地确权登记工作流程和特点——广东省广州市花都案例

完善我国农村集体土地确权登记发证系统是我国土地管理重要工作之一。这将有助于加强农村土地管理、盘活农村土地、推动土地制度改革、实现土地集约化利用。此项工作涉及多个部门与单位,工作量庞大。其主要工作包括:确定宗地面积界限、面积、权利主体、地籍数据数据库建库、申请的审批、归档。以广州市花都区为例,通过调查该区域的基础农村地籍资料的完整程度,分析各个乡镇街道的土地情况,回顾整个农村集体土地确权登记的工作流程,总结2012—2013年全国农村集体土地确权登记到"经济社"一级工作中采用的新方式、新特点。     

把握数字经济机遇,促进农业产业高质量发展

正乡村振兴战略实施中,数字经济为新的农业产业发展模式和组织形态重塑带来了新的机会,不论是农产品生产追溯系统建设还是利用大数据的生产过程监管,"互联网+"为代表的数字技术使用创造了新型农业生产形态,特别是新的订单农业,给高品质生态和有机农业增添了生产的"数据"生产力,提升了产品的高附加值,更好地保障了全生产过程食品安全有效控制,也满足了消费升级需要;数字经济给予老手艺以新生命,借助于互联网平台,老艺人实现创业,在虚拟空间里建立了自己的众创空间,老手     

论加强地质调查项目经济管理工作

地质调查项目经济管理工作是项目顺利实施的重要保证。文章对地质调查项目经济管理工作中的主要问题,包括项目经济管理的主要内容、地质工作项目设计与项目预算、预算标准与实际支出、财建字[2004]192号文的规定与执行、项目概算、预算、核算与决算等进行了剖析,提出了加强地质调查项目经济管理要学习国家有关经济法规,树立法治意识;要加强地质调查项目经济管理基础工作建设;要加强地质调查项目预算管理工作;要加强统计管理工作,健全和完善项目监督-反馈体系;要加强项目经费支出管理,认真做好项目财务总结报告。     

农地确权且行且思

<正>山东省泰安市在扎实开展农村土地确权试点工作的基础上,采取有效措施,积极推进全市农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作。基本做法泰安市根据自身实际,主要采取了"图解+实测"的办法。即将国土资源部门的"二调"图放大到1:2000,指导协助村组"图解"每个地块的空间位置,由专业人员录制建库。群众有异议的,再进行实测。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.