中东欧国家数字经济的现状与前景

中东欧国家未来的经济发展在很大程度上将取决于能否有效利用数字化带来的机遇,实现经济的数字化转型。中东欧国家除爱沙尼亚之外,其经济的数字化水平均落后于欧盟老成员国。中东欧国家工业化离不开数字化。近年来,中东欧国家高度重视工业4.0,通过了工业4.0战略或倡议,希望实现工业的数字化,提升各自国家工业的竞争力,避免成为第四次工业革命的落伍者。数字化能否成为中东欧国家的增长引擎非常值得关注。     

Fiscal Consolidations in the Central and Eastern European Countries

We study fiscal consolidations in the Central and Eastern European countries and what determines the probability of their success. We define consolidation events as substantive improvements in fiscal balances adjusting for the impact of cyclical effects. We use logit models for the period 1991–2003 to assess the determinants of the success of a fiscal adjustment. The results seem to suggest that for these countries expenditure based consolidations have tended to be more successful. By contrast, revenue-based consolidations have a tendency to be less successful. JEL no. C25, E62, H62     

发达国家农业税收政策及其对我国的启示

农业作为一个相对弱势产业,客观上需要政府的财政保护和支持。世界各国都非常重视对农业的保护和扶持,在所得税、销售税等方面采取种种优惠措施促进农业的发展,取得了很好的政策激励效果。而我国支持农业发展的税收机制尚不健全,一定程度上抑制了税收对农业的政策激励效应。因此,需要借鉴发达国家发展农业的成功经验,建立与完善有利于我国农业发展的税收政策体系,以促进我国基础产业的健康发展。     

增值税改革对融资租赁业的影响及应对路径选择

与其他发达国家相比,我国融资租赁业的发展存在着较大差距,其中税收政策是影响融资租赁业快速发展的关键因素之一。近期我国颁布的增值税改革政策从一定程度上制约了融资租赁业的发展,如何规避风险,减少政策对产业发展的不利影响是当前研究的重点。据此,文章首先总结了我国融资租赁业流转税税收政策的现状,进而分析了增值税改革后融资租赁业面临的问题,最后在此基础上提出了融资租赁业应对增值税改革的路径选择。     

现行废旧物资税收政策的弊端及解决对策

大力推进废旧物资的回收利用，是实现循环经济的关键环节；国家现行废旧物资税收政策在积极促进该行业发展的同时，也存在着一些不客忽视的问题。从现行废旧物资税收政策实施过程中引发的矛盾入手，论述了现行税收政策改革的必要性，并提出了初步的解决对幕。     

中外石油企业税费制度对比分析及借鉴

随着石油领域国际合作的日益密切,税收政策对石油企业的影响逐渐增大。本文通过对中外石油税费制度进行分析比较,找出我国石油税费制度存在的诸多问题,提出完善我国石油税费制度的措施。     

服务化水平、实际税负与营改增政策的财富效应——基于微观层面的经验证据

文章从微观视角出发,构建双重差分模型,检验营改增政策对试点企业实际税负和绩效水平形成的经济后果,以及试点企业的服务化水平对上述关系的影响。研究发现,第一,营改增政策有助于降低试点企业整体实际税负;第二,营改增政策实施后,试点企业的实际税负降低使得企业绩效水平提升,实现国家与企业之间的财富转移效应;第三,试点企业服务化水平越高,营改增政策降低企业实际税负,进而促进企业绩效提升的效果更加明显,即营改增政策实现的财富效应更强。进一步检验发现,营改增政策有助于促使试点企业改善经营效率,提高自身财富创造能力,增强营改增政策的财富创造效应。     

Farmers, Vertical Coordination, and the Restructuring of Dairy Supply Chains in Central and Eastern Europe

The combination of transition and globalization since the early 1990s has caused dramatic changes in the dairy chains in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper uses survey evidence from several Central and East European countries to document the growth of vertical coordination in the dairy chain, its relationship with policy reforms, its effects and the implications for small farms. Evidence suggests that in several countries small dairy farms have benefited from vertical coordination processes by providing them access to inputs and higher value markets.     

增值税转型改革的减税政策对城乡收入差距的影响研究

共同富裕取得实质性进展是中国特色社会主义的本质要求,而缩小城乡收入差距则是实现共同富裕的关键举措。文章尝试基于共同富裕视角考察增值税转型改革的减税政策对城乡收入差距的影响及其机制,旨在理解税收政策对协调城乡区域发展的积极作用,并利用2001-2020年中国地级市层面的统计数据进行实证检验,发现增值税转型改革的减税政策显著缩小了城乡收入差距,且一系列稳健性检验均支持上述研究结论。机制检验表明,增值税转型改革推动了农村劳动力向非农部门转移趋势,增加了农村居民工资性收入并有助于缩小城乡收入差距。进一步研究发现,增值税转型改革的确增加了农村居民收入,并通过促进农业机械化而释放了农村劳动力。本文为切实缩小城乡收入差距、协调推进城乡区域平衡发展极具现实意义,并为深入推进减税降费改革提供了实证证据和研究基础。     

Trade Protection in Five EU Member Candidate Countries by Exchange Rate Adjustment,Customs Tariffs,and Nontariff Measures

Five central European candidate member countries for EU accession (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia = CE-5) entered into the transition period with undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993–1995, real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms, governments applied high third-country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the U.S. increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the five countries more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity.There seems to be a positive correlation between large current account deficits and the more intense use of nontariff protectionist measures. Using exchange rate measures, Slovenia keeps the current account rather balanced. It employs many less nontariff protectionist measures than the other four countries, which show strong tendencies towards real exchange rate appreciation.     

Dual Income Taxation: A Promising Path to Tax Reform for Developing Countries

The dual income tax combines a progressive tax on labor income and a lower flat tax on income from capital. Unlike flat tax systems, a dual income tax provides developing countries greater flexibility in addressing tax competition while retaining progressivity. Countries could use the move to a dual income tax system not just as an opportunity to rationalize the taxation of income from business operations and investment but also as a vehicle for broader reform of their tax systems.     

Tax policy and reform in Asian countries: Thailand''s perspective

This paper gives overviews of Thailand's tax system covering major taxes administered by the central government and the local taxes administered by the local government. Recent tax reform experiences are discussed at length starting from the introduction of value added tax (VAT) replacing the business tax to customs tariff reform. Current issues on taxation are also highlighted ranging from tax base, direct and indirect taxation, decentralization impediments. Furthermore, the government is implementing modern and cutting-edge technology in tax administration, thereby providing effective and efficient e-government services to the Thai people. This paper discusses the Roadmap for Tax Reform that would outline the framework for future direction of taxation in Thailand. Finally, the paper gives important insights on tax issues, and draws important conclusions for the future of tax reform in Thailand.