行业“金字塔结构”假设及验证——以医药、食品行业为例

医药、食品行业是与百姓生活息息相关的两个行业。然而,目前两个行业在我国的发展现状都不容乐观。本文试图透过现象看本质,探究隐藏在这些产业组织问题背后的逻辑。在借鉴SGP范式分析的基础上,分析了行业内企业规模结构,提出了行业金字塔结构的假设,指出了企业规模结构上存在的特点及其对企业行为以及产业绩效的影响。本文还利用笔者调研所得到的数据对模型进行了初步验证,并针对如何提升产业竞争力提出了若干建议。     

知识嵌入下新企业生成的动因与障碍!——从知识溢出、知识过滤到学术创业

从知识作为创业机会来源的认识出发,运用理论推演和模型论证等方法,分析了知识嵌入下新企业生成的过程及其动因和障碍。认为:新企业生成是一种重要的知识溢出机制,它通过空间聚集效应对区域经济发挥作用;知识过滤屏障的存在使得积累的新知识存量无法充分实现其应用价值,从而对新企业生成造成障碍。提出:学术组织向学术创业角色转型有助于突破知识过滤的屏障,不仅可以提高新企业对新知识的吸收和开发能力,而且能够在学术组织内部激发出新企业,提升知识对创业及经济增长的贡献度。     

产业集聚、知识溢出与技术学习成本间关系的实证研究

利用1998—2011年中国省域层面高技术产业的宏观数据,以知识溢出为中介变量,实证分析了产业集聚与技术学习成本的关系以及知识溢出的中介作用。结果表明:产业集聚与技术学习成本之间存在显著的负相关关系;产业集聚与知识溢出之间存在正相关关系;知识溢出在产业集聚与技术学习成本之间起部分中介作用,即产业集聚通过知识溢出降低了企业的技术学习成本。     

知识交易、创新和知识产业

知识是公共品的传统理论需要重新审视,知识交易具有可能性与可行性。知识交易激励知识生产和加速知识应用,引致创新繁荣。知识交易达到显著规模意味着知识产业的出现,知识交易是知识产业的基本活动。政府对知识产业的扶植需要考虑知识产业的特殊性,需要发展对知识市场的管制能力。     

浙江省高新技术产业集群知识溢出的实证研究

分别用专业化指数和多样化指数衡量高新技术产业集群的集群内知识溢出(即Mar溢出)和集群间知识溢出(即Jac溢出)。以浙江省13个高新技术开发区为研究对象,分析了各高新技术产业集群聚集的驱动因素,计算了其知识溢出半径并总结了其知识溢出辐射范围。构建固定效应模型,实证研究了Mar知识溢出和Jac知识溢出对高新技术产业集群的经济增长和技术创新能力的影响。结果表明:浙江省沿海城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受多样化知识溢出驱动,浙江省内陆城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受专业化知识溢出驱动;Jac知识溢出既能促进集群的经济增长,又能增强其技术创新能力,而Mar知识溢出主要能提高集群的技术创新能力,但在促进经济增长方面的效果甚微。     

中国高新技术产业集群知识外部性效应分析

近年来,中国科技体制改革取得重大成就,国家高新技术产业快速发展。知识外部性作为产业集群发展的驱动因素,其在创新生态系统中的溢出效应日益受到学者的重视。以91个城市国家级高新技术产业开发区为研究对象,对其知识外部性的Mar效应和Jac效应进行测度,并给出国家高新技术产业集群知识外部性的辐射范围,定量计算知识外部性对经济增长和技术进步的效应。结果表明:中国高新技术产业集聚过程中产业内知识溢出效应更大,西部地区高新技术产业集群Jac外部性对于区域经济增长更具有显著的正向作用。研究的创新点在于,同时兼论了Mar效应和Jac效应,将样本划分为东部、中部、西部和东北部进行测度和分析,研究结论更具有区域针对性。     

论城市政府竞争、制度创新与知识溢出

随着经济的发展,城市政府更多地依靠制度创新促进地方经济的增长。在制度创新过程中,城市政府行为的核心是与其他地区竞争制度创新的进入权,因此,研究制度创新需要依托城市政府竞争的基础,创新成功的一个前提条件是城市政府之间较高的知识溢出。     

Patents and R&D expenditure effects on equity returns in pharmaceutical industry

As costs of pharmaceutical R&D soar and productivity falls, the role of research pipelines in firm valuations is changing. To date, surprisingly little work has been published on the effects of R&D pipeline performance on equity returns, while controlling for coincident factors, such as legacy patents and presence of blockbuster drugs in production. Using 1996–2013 data for nine largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, this article assesses the role of the above factors on returns to pharmaceutical companies equity. We show significant positive link between changes in the number of blockbusters on patent six months prior and returns in excess of pharmaceutical equity index. The number of patents granted by United States Patent and Trademark Office in a quarter is also a significant factor. On the other hand, we find that increases in R&D expenditure in large-cap pharmaceutical companies are viewed negatively by investors in the short term.     

两个维度下的知识溢出对区域高技术产业技术创新的影响

知识溢出效应是影响区域创新产出的重要因素。本文借助于综合考虑了R&D经费和知识存量的知识生产函数,将产业集群内知识溢出因素引入该函数,对区域内和区域间的知识溢出因素于区域高技术产业创新产出的作用进行了实证检验。实证结果表明:两个维度下的知识溢出均对区域高技术产业技术创新产出影响显著。     

大学知识溢出驱动的衍生企业创建:模式选择与作用机制

基于知识溢出型创业理论,从知识特性入手,研究了大学知识溢出驱动的两类衍生企业的创建模式及影响因素,提出"创业机会特性与企业创建模式匹配"的研究思路,并探索了母体大学、技术发明人、区域创业环境等驱动要素对衍生企业创建模式选择的调节效应。运用Logistic回归方法对322家衍生企业的调研数据进行了实证分析。结果表明:先进性高、隐含性高的知识更倾向于以大学衍生企业创建的方式实现其经济价值;母体大学的政策引导和区域创业环境有效调节知识特性对衍生企业创建模式选择的作用机制。     

R&D internationalisation patterns in the global pharmaceutical industry: evidence from a network analytic perspective

This study adopts a Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective to investigate global R&D internationalisation patterns of the pharmaceutical industry. We use co-inventorships identified in pharmaceutical patents granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) between 1996 and 2013, giving rise to an international collaboration network by drawing a cross-country link when a patent lists at least two inventors located in different countries. We describe changing R&D internationalisation patterns by exploring network structures as a whole as well as the changing role of different countries. The results show that R&D internationalisation indeed has gained momentum in pharmaceutical innovation, in particular after the year 2006. The network has developed from a mono-centric, star-like network – with the USA constituting the only hub – to a more distributed and dense network. The relative decline of the USA has not taken place at the expense of emerging economies but at the expense of European countries.     

Heterogeneity in learning processes and the evolution of dynamic managerial capabilities as a response of emergence of biosimilar market: evidence from the Indian pharmaceutical industry

ABSTRACT

This paper examines heterogeneity in the response of Indian firms to the emergence of a new segment in the pharmaceutical generics market – biosimilars. The necessary diversity of the knowledge base and regulatory requirements underlying biosmilar products have created significant technological capability and market access challenges for Indian firms. This is but the latest development which adds to an existing catalogue of challenges including the decline of the traditional generics markets, regulatory hurdles in advanced country markets and failures in managing new drug development. Using case studies of three Indian firms we show that dynamic managerial capability is a key driver of heterogeneity in learning processes involved in acquisition of technological capabilities for biosimilars and market access strategies. It further highlights the important role of pre-existing capabilities in enabling and constraining the development of new biosimilar capabilities.     

Knowledge organisation in R&D alliances: its impact on product innovation

Based on the knowledge-based view of the firm, this paper analyses how alternative configurations of technological relatedness in interfirm research and development (R&D) alliances influence specific types of product innovation. A longitudinal study of pharmaceutical firms provides support for the argument that complementary alliances contribute to the development of both radical and incremental innovation. Collaborating with partners that have similar technologies only enhances incremental innovation, although its impact is curvilinear. These evidences highlight the importance of designing a suitable portfolio of R&D alliances in order to develop different innovative competences.     

Knowledge search modes and innovation performance: The moderating role of strategic R&D orientation

Prior studies implicitly assume that knowledge search modes are homogeneous, and little is known about the impacts of specific search modes on innovation. Drawing upon the knowledge search literature, we differentiate among four types of search modes and analyze their impacts on innovation performance. Moreover, we enrich the theoretical framework by recognising the moderating role of strategic R&D orientation in affecting the relationship between specific types of search modes and innovation performance. Using a unique dataset of 418 Chinese firms, we find that, except for inward licensing, value chain search, capital search, and industry-university-research institute collaboration (IUR collaboration) exert positive effects on innovation performance. Moreover, the empirical results indicate that a strategic R&D orientation amplifies the positive effects of value chain search and IUR collaboration while it mitigates the negative effect of inward licensing on innovation performance.     

运用汽车生产商知识对不同类型供应商技术创新的促进作用

基于通过交叉供应商在知识创造能力和与生产商技术相似度两个维度的异质性,将供应商分为4类。采用专利数构建计量指标,探索了不同类型的供应商在技术创新中运用生产商知识的效果。非参数检验与负二项回归结果证明了供应商异质性的存在。研究结果还显示:能力弱的供应商运用生产商知识能获得更好的创新成果--无论它们与生产商技术的相似度高低与否;能力强的供应商不能通过运用生产商知识获得高水平的创新成果。     

模块化网络状产业链的知识分工与创新

透过知识视角考察模块化生产的本质,通过对以模块化生产为基础的网络状产业链的知识分工模式,以及知识创新的SECI过程的分析,揭示了分散的知识创新是网络状产业链区别于线性产业链的一个根本差异。     

重构企业技术创新能力评价体系:从知识管理到价值创造

基于从知识管理到价值创造的思路,重新审视了企业技术创新能力的内涵。通过系统的文献回顾,总结了已有企业技术创新能力评价指标体系相关框架(包括点状模型、线状模型、链状模型和面状模型)的特征和不足,提出了由问题驱动、思考未来、多样化知识、创新文化、利益相关者协同、经济价值与社会价值构成的企业技术创新能力评价体系新框架,并构建了新框架的二级指标,为企业技术创新能力的理解、体系框架的构建和评价提供了理论和实践参考。     

适宜技术、人力资本与区域知识溢出——基于1995—2009年中国省际面板数据的实证分析

采用1995—2009年中国28个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,运用基于数据包络分析的Malmquist生产率指数法,实证检验了适宜技术、人力资本对地区知识溢出和TFP的影响。研究结果表明:人力资本、省际R&D资本溢出和国际R&D资本溢出都是影响地区TFP的重要因素;人力资本除了可直接影响地区TFP外,还可通过对来自省际、国际进出口、FDI和ODI渠道的知识溢出发挥"同化器"作用来间接影响的地区TFP;人力资本对知识溢出具有"同化器"作用,但在不同的适宜技术下人力资本的影响机制和作用路径不同。     

Knowledge flows and innovation capability: The patenting trajectory of Taiwan's thin film transistor-liquid crystal display industry

This paper uses USPTO's patent data to present and analyse knowledge flows and innovation capability within and across Taiwan's top five major players in the thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) industry. Based on the empirical results, the study shows that latecomers, such as Taiwan, to the TFT-LCD industry have internalised external knowledge from the US and particularly from Japan on specific core technologies, while the knowledge relationship between source and recipient is un-intimated. One important finding of this study is that Taiwan's top five TFT-LCD manufacturers possess different knowledge sources and technology focuses. This specialised capability is most likely the cause for their positions in the market (i.e. market share). Each player has unique patenting protocol, in which the coded knowledge (i.e. patenting rate) does not act as a major indicator of innovation performance in Taiwan's TFT-LCD industry. Remarkably, the public research institute does not show its essential impact on TFT-LCD industry as it once was in most East Asian latecomer literature. This study thus provides some useful managerial implications for latecomer firms to facilitate knowledge internalisation and build endogenous innovative capabilities.     

Emerging search regimes: measuring co-evolutions among research,science, and society

Scientometric data is used to investigate empirically the emergence of search regimes in biotechnology, genomics and nanotechnology. Complex regimes can emerge when three independent sources of variance interact. In our model, researchers can be considered as the nodes that carry the science system. Research is geographically situated with site-specific skills, tacit knowledge and infrastructures. Second, the emergent science level refers to the formal communication of codified knowledge published in journals. Third, the socio-economic dynamics indicate the ways in which knowledge production relates to society. Although biotechnology, genomics and nanotechnology can all be characterised by rapid growth and divergent dynamics, the regimes differ in terms of self-organisation among these three sources of variance. The scope of opportunities for researchers to contribute within the constraints of the existing body of knowledge are different in each field. Furthermore, the relevance of the context of application contributes to the knowledge dynamics to various degrees.