海峡两岸产业内贸易动态变化特征分析

选用Aquino指数,定量地分析了海峡两岸产业内贸易在二者贸易份额中的比重。在此基础上,进一步将产业内贸易细分为垂直型和水平型两种形式,选取2001—2008年的相关数据,运用GMH法对两岸的产业内贸易结构特征进行全面的实证分析。结果发现:两岸贸易产业内贸易水平还比较低,但产业内贸易增长迅速,尤其在中高技术层面产品上产业内贸易逐步增强;两岸产业内贸易以垂直型为主,但最近几年,水平型所占比重增长较快,有垂直型向水平型发展的趋势;两岸产业内贸易在区域结构上也呈现出动态演进的特征。     

有关中韩产业内贸易贡献度的实证分析

随着中韩贸易规模的扩大,产业内贸易也迅速发展.相关理论和实践已经证明,与发达国家开展产业内贸易对于促进发展中国家经济发展、提高技术水平、增强国际竞争力都具有积极的作用.本文借助计量模型,分别探讨了这两者对中国经济增长的贡献度,证实了这种差异性的存在,最后提出只有在资本技术密集型产业中大力发展水平产业内贸易,鼓励以质量和技术参与国际竞争,提高产业内贸易质量才能真正实现贸易"经济引擎"的作用.     

中美木质林产品产业内贸易的实证研究——基于1992—2009年的进出口贸易数据

采用UNcomtrade数据库的中美木质林产品贸易数据,利用G-L指数、G-L修正指数、Aquino指数、Brülhart边际产业内贸易指数及Thom&McDowell水平型和垂直型产业内贸易指数,对1992—2009年中美木质林产品产业内贸易的水平和结构进行实证分析。结果表明:中美木质林产品产业内贸易水平总体较低,贸易方式仍以产业间贸易为主;中美木质林产品贸易的增长由产业间贸易和产业内贸易共同引发;产业内贸易方式以垂直型产业内贸易为主。     

产业内贸易的结构变动与决定因素——基于中国电子及通讯设备制造业的实证分析

对1996—2005年中国电子及通讯设备制造业产业内贸易的结构、变动及决定因素进行的实证分析显示：中国电子及通讯设备制造业贸易以产业内贸易为主,产业内贸易又以垂直产业内贸易为主,水平产业内贸易贡献不大;加入WTO前后两个阶段产业内贸易及其结构变动呈相反的趋势;要素禀赋结构及其变化是产业内贸易变动的主要因素,而外商直接投资、规模经济和产品差异三个因素的影响很微弱。这表明中国电子及通讯设备制造业扩张的基础是成本优势且主要集中于国际产业链的低端,加入WTO并没有真正改变中国电子及通讯设备制造业的国际分工地位。     

中美产业内贸易结构分析

产业内贸易越来越成为国际贸易利益的主要来源.通过对1981-2006年中美产业内贸易总体水平、按技术含量高低分类的产品产业内贸易水平、水平型产业内贸易和垂直型产业内贸易等进行量化分析,结果表明,中美产业内贸易呈增长之势,但总体水平不高;垂直型产业内贸易在产业内贸易中所占比重总体呈下降之势,表明中美两国在技术水平和国际分工地位上的差距正在缩小.     

水平型产业内贸易——中国外贸发展新取向

从产业内贸易理论、跨国公司直接投资所产生的产业内贸易和发达国家的发展历程来看，水平型产业内贸易是增强一国外贸竞争力的有效途径。目前我国产业内贸易水平不高，并且以垂直型产业内贸易为主。这种状况不利于我国外贸和经济的进一步发展。我国应以水平型产业内贸易为发展取向，通过扩大企业规模、提高引资质量和大力发展差异产品来提高我国外贸的竞争力。     

中国与主要贸易伙伴国间的产业内贸易对经济增长的贡献分析

随着全球对外贸易的不断自由化、深化与发展．产业内贸易的发展也更加迅速，其占各国对外贸易的比重也在逐年上升。本文主要运用修正後的Grubel和Lloyd指数，计算我国与14个主要贸易伙伴的总产业内贸易水平、水平性和垂直性产业内贸易程度。通过测算发现，我国的产业内贸易水平不断上升，并已达到较高的水平，但仍以垂直性产业内贸易为主、，根据贸易对经济增长的贡献理论，测算我国产业内贸易对经济增长的贡献度，进而封今後我囤产业内贸易的发展方向提出相应的政策建议。     

贸易开放对中国区域增长的空间效应研究:1987-2009

本文在新增长理论和空间经济学框架下,构建贸易开放与区域增长的空间面板数据模型,运用空间计量方法分析1987—2009年间中国省际贸易开放对经济增长的空间效应。研究发现,中国省域经济和产业经济层面的增长均存在空间相关性;控制空间相关性后,贸易开放对省域经济的增长效应为正,伴有空间收敛与发散双向效应,并因地区发展水平、基础设施和人力资本差异而存在空间异质性;产业层面的空间效应体现了产业特征,与整体经济并不完全相同。     

中美工业制成品产业内贸易及其对中国经济的影响

本文通过产业内贸易指数的测算和产业内贸易类型的判断,发现中关工业制成品产业内贸易主要集中于资本、技术密集型产品的贸易上,其中,化学制品的贸易几乎全部垂直型产业内贸易.中美工业制成品的贸易之所以呈现出如此状况,从需求角度看,是因为中关之间存在看对质重差异或技术差异的同类产品的相互需求;从生产角度来看,生产的垂直一体化和产品的生命周期与中美工业制成品垂直型产业内贸易有关.中美工业制成品产业内贸易尽管在一定程度上能够提高中国的专业化水平,增加贸易额和溢出技术,但因为产业内贸易的类型属于垂直型,所以对中国经济发展有负面影响.     

浅谈国际贸易类型与国际贸易理论

国际贸易现实类型大概经历了产业问贸易、产业内贸易和产品内分工三个阶段,概括而言,比较优势的传统力量可以对一组产品发挥作用,新贸易理论则适用于解释由于规模经济和产品异质性所导致的产业内分工贸易模式;而当分工深入到产品内之后,贸易的技术结构和垂直专业化水平成为新的分工形式下衡量贸易结构的主要基准。     

Horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade in Australian manufacturing: does trade liberalization have any impact?

This paper contributes to the literature on intra-industry trade (IIT) by disentangling such trade into horizontally and vertically differentiated products, and investigating their determinants in the context of trade liberalization in Australia. IIT in Australian manufacturing has increased following trade liberalization in 1980s and is increasingly dominated by vertically differentiated products. Industry level evidence confirms that the failure to segregate IIT into horizontally and vertically differentiated products produces misleading results as their determinants differ. Also, structural changes brought about by the policy liberalization appear to have an impact on total as well vertical IIT.     

Industrial Structure and Australia– UK Intra-Industry Trade

This paper tests industry-specific hypotheses of the determinants of intra-industry trade in the context of Australia-UK trade. In doing so it separates intra-industry trade (ITT) into ITT in horizontally differentiated products and ITT in vertically differentiated products. It finds that the latter is the dominant former of ITT. Further the paper investigates the robustness of empirical results on testing industry-specific hypotheses to the choice of national (UK or Australian) industrial structure characteristics. The assumption of uniform industrial structures across countries adopted in other studies is shown not to be justified.     

Intra-tourism trade,income distribution and tourism endowment: an econometric investigation

Empirical investigation (Nowak et al., 2012) points out that vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) in Europe is the dominant type of intra-industry trade (IIT) in the tourism sector. This article is the first in tourism literature to test separately the determinants of vertically and horizontally differentiated services, using the most recent models in the theory of IIT. We examine bilateral trade among all trading partners of the sample of European countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2008. We show that differences in gross domestic product per capita and the income-distribution overlap, as well as cultural proximity, are the most significant driving forces behind VIIT for European countries. Geographic distance has a negative effect, whereas specific tourism endowments and relative size of the economies are less conclusive. These results confirm theory predictions and most of the empirical findings related to the pattern of VIIT for the manufacturing sector. As expected, we find that determinants of VIIT cannot explain horizontal intra-industry trade in tourism. We suggest two alternative methods of estimation: generalized least squares logistic function and the fractional logit estimator. We conclude that there are common factors explaining IIT in the manufacturing and tourism trades.     

Differences in GDP Per Capita and the Share of Intraindustry Trade: The Role of Vertically Differentiated Trade

This paper examines the relationship between per capita GDP differences and bilateral intraindustry trade shares. The relationship is negative in OLS regressions but positive in fixed-effect regressions, and evidence is presented suggesting this is due to the presence of vertically differentiated trade. The paper begins by distinguishing between vertically and horizontally differentiated trade, and then finds a positive and significant relationship between GDP per capita differences and the trade shares only in the regressions on the vertically differentiated trade shares. It is shown also that the extent to which income distributions overlap affects only the share of vertically differentiated trade.     

European Integration, Intra-industry Trade in Vertically Differentiated Products and the Balkan Countries

The aim of this paper is to examine the relation between the integration process and the intensity of intra-industry trade between two countries of different levels of development. Our theoretical model and results indicate that trade liberalization and the establishment of the Free Trade Areas between the Balkan countries and the EC have led to the growth of the intra-industry trade between Greece—EC member state—and those countries. The main instruments of this process have been the Europe Agreements and the Stabilization and Association Agreements between the Balkan countries and the EC. The paper presents a model in vertically differentiated products in a Free Trade Area context and proceeds to depict the intensity of intra-industry trade between Greece and the Balkan countries.      

Evaluating Russia’s trade patterns

This article offers empirical evidence on the major trends in the nature of Russia’s trade and on the determinants of the different types of trade: horizontal intra-industry trade (HIIT), vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) and inter-industry trade (INT). The estimation results of gravity-type log-linear models suggest that the combined economic size of Russia and the trading partner has a positive effect, while the distance between the two countries has a negative effect for all types of trade. They also suggest that FDI has a significant effect on all types of trade; however, the effect varies according to whether the partner country is a member of the CIS/CU or not, and whether the FDI is outward or inward.     

ENTRY AND IMPORT QUOTA

An import quota set stricter than the free trade level is quite common for the domestic entry protection. However, this paper shows that as the products are vertically differentiated, an import quota that is simply set at the original free trade level could be effective on entrant protection. This quota policy also improves both consumer surplus and total domestic welfare, which is in sharp contrast to the implications of existing literature. Our result suggests that an import quota has a stronger protection effect on domestic production if the domestic and foreign products are vertically differentiated.     

Oligopolistic Competition and Intra-industry Trade: Evidence From the OECD

This paper develops a general reciprocal-markets model of intra-industry trade in oligopolistic industries. It shows that the effects of industry characteristics on the extent of bilateral intra-industry trade, as measured by the Grubel-Lloyd index, are invariant to whether firms compete over homogeneous or differentiated products. Based on this model, we investigate industry determinants of bilateral intra-industry trade, using internationally comparable industry data for 22 manufacturing industries in 12 OECD countries during 1970–1985. Our estimates indicate that, even after controlling for idiosyncratic industry and country-pair effects, our measures of the industry determinants explain variations in the intensity of bilateral intra-industry trade, for the most part, in accord with what the theory predicts.     

The impacts of innovations and standards on trade of measurement and testing products: empirical results of Switzerland’s bilateral trade flows with Germany, France and the UK

Nowadays, the impact of the measurement and testing infrastructure on economic performance and trade is theoretically and even politically widely accepted. However, there are no empirical studies on this issue. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the impact of innovative capacity and technical standards as one important part of the measurement and testing infrastructure on international trade flows and competitiveness. In order to focus on the direct causality between innovative technology and measurement and testing standards and the respective market, the empirical analysis concentrates on the trade of measurement and testing products of a country with a top position in measurement and testing technology. In its empirical analysis of Switzerland’s trade flows with Germany, France and the UK, the paper follows the approach of the pioneering paper of Swann et al. (Economic Journal 106 (1996) 1297), who integrated for the first time technical standards as a technology indicator in the estimation of UK trade performance. The trade flows in measurement and testing products from 1980 until 1995 are explained by both an indicator for innovative capacity and for the degree of standardisation. The first indicator is based on the patent applications at the European patent office. The latter uses the stocks of technical standards in the countries differentiated by their regional scope. Four different trade equations are analysed, besides an export and an import function, the trade balance and the intra-industry trade. The results clearly show that both Switzerland’s innovative capacity and its stocks of standards are able to explain its export performance in the three countries. Secondly, especially the stocks of international standards in Switzerland have a positive impact on imports into Switzerland from the three countries, confirming their positive role for fostering trade in general. Thirdly, Switzerland’s export surplus concerning the three trade partners is positively affected by the stocks of international standards in Switzerland, which seem to be an important factor for international competitiveness. Finally, the results of the intra-industry model underline the common view of the general trade-fostering effect of even national standards in the case of the trade with the three countries.     

Adjustment in the process of trade liberalization: The U.S. and Mexico

Although many of the issues in North-American trade liberalization are reminiscent of those faced earlier by Europeans and by the United States and Canada, there are also some non-trivial differences. Divergences in economic structure are more pronounced. They affect the interplay of various sources of welfare gains and costs and are likely to make inter-industry and vertically integrated intra-industry trade more important Non-tariff barriers play a greater role in the present context and the welfare effects of preferntial elimination of quantitative restraints differ in important respect from those of tariffs. A free trade area, for example, which is clearly trade-diverting under tariff liberalization may be trade-creating under quantitative restrictions.