关于三种价值论的评论

传统劳动价值论存在四大问题:一是社会必要劳动量难以计量;二是复杂劳动和简单劳动的倍加比例难以准确确定;三是无法解释自然产品为何也具有价值、价格;四是存在价值归属上的理论悖论。生产要素价值论不能全盘否定,但资本、土地不能“创造”价值,只能“生成”价值。边际效用价值论所揭示的边际效用递减规律是正确的;应当正确看待用效用衡量商品价值;事实上,马克思的商品价值论与边际效用价值论具有相通之处。     

边际效用递减规律刍议

边际效用递减规律是微观经济学中效用理论的重要基础。本文在前人研究的基础上,对边际效用递减规律成立的原因进行了分析,探究了边际效用递减规律发生作用的条件限制,得出了边际效用递减规律所指的边际效用递减是一种总的趋势和走向,在严格的前提条件下是必然成立的结论。     

边际效用递减现象与管理艺术

一、边际效用递减规律及其组织中的导入边际效用递减规律是西方经济学中关于消费者行为的一条基本规律,其含义是随着消费者连续地增加某种物品或劳务的消费,他从该物品或劳务的消费中得到增加的满足感是递减的。本文试图将边际效用递减规律引入组织群体中,揭示组织成员的诸多行为存在着边际效用递减现象,据此提出对管理艺术的思考,即组织的管理者如何针对成员产生的边际效用递减现象,启动管理艺术,有效地调动人的积极性,追求最大的管理效果。二、组织成员的边际效用递减现象笔者认为,组织成员的诸多活动存在着边际效用递减现象,现…     

价值需求的边际欲望与边际效用及其研究意义

人对物质的价值需求是有限的,对精神的价值需求是无限的。人对价值的需求或占有实际上是一个过程,且表现出特有的规律。一是人对价值占有的边际心理欲望递增与边际效用递减的二律背反规律;二是人对价值付出的心理边际欲望递减与边际效用递减呈同向关系的规律。研究这些规律,对于增进价值包容与价值和谐,有非常重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

论支出的边际效用

文章提出“支出的边际效用概念” ,证明了支出的边际效用递减规律 ,进而证明了微观经济学中边际效用理论的基本命题———“价格等于所购买的最后一单位商品的边际效用”是错误的。     

边际效用递减规律新探

边际效用学派所揭示的边际效用递减规律并没有囊括所有增量消费效应现象，为此应将消费者的消费进行分类并引入时间概念进行全面而具体的分析。边际效用递减规律的准确表述应为“边际效用趋减规律”。边际效用递减规律实际上是唯物辩证法质、量变化规律以及社会发展规律的具体体现，与正统政治经济学所揭示的商品经济的“供求规律”、“优胜劣汰规律”有着相通之处。     

边际效用

经济学规律中,一个非常有意思的规律叫做边际效用递减。这规律不但很有意思,而且和我们日常生活联系非常密切。 什么叫边际效用递减?翻开教科书,正儿八经的解释是:边际效用递减,是指每增加一个消费单位,它所能给消费者带来的满足程度,逐步递减。     

拉格朗日乘数与支出的边际效用研究

边际效用通常所指的是消费品的边际效用,文章提出"支出的边际效用"概念,进而指出消费者均衡条件中的拉格朗日乘数就是支出的边际效用,并证明了支出的边际效用递减规律。以支出的边际效用为工具证明了命题"价格等于所购买的最后一单位商品的边际效用"不成立,需求曲线与效用曲线不能重合,而是在效用曲线的下方。     

试论自然资源对工业与经济增长的贡献

根据生产函数理论,经济的增长是资本、劳动、自然资源与人为技术4方面要素的投入推动的。根据边际效用递减规律,任何要素的边际效用大小取决于这种要素的稀缺程度,某种要素越稀缺,其边际效用就越大。边际效用是什么?在市场经济社会,一种产品或服务的     

浅析商品的边际效用

对于大部分一般商品而言,它们遵循着边际效用递减规律。然而,效用是指消费者对自己所消费商品的满足程度,具有很大的主观性,因此对于部分商品而言,在特定的时间内,还是存在边际效用递增的情况。     

The role of diminishing marginal utility in the ordinal and cardinal utility theories

We illustrate the role of the law of diminishing marginal utility in the two main modern utility theories, the ordinal and cardinal utility theories, using a generalised total utility function. In short, the ordinal utility theory, in which utility is immeasurable, must abandon the law of diminishing marginal utility; the cardinal utility theory, although able to retain this law, suffers from keeping the unrealistic view of utility measurability, which Samuelson criticises as “infinitely improbable.” A new utility theory with the advantages of the two mentioned theories (i.e. the notions of both diminishing marginal utility and utility immeasurability) but without the disadvantages (i.e. the law of diminishing marginal utility is excluded and utility is measurable) therefore still seems to be a Holy Grail deserving search and development by economists.     

The Enforcement of Income Tax Laws: Efficiency Implications*

Complete enforcement of income tax laws, designed to reduce income tax evasion to zero, is shown to be inefficient. Starting from a 'full compliance' policy, it is shown that a marginal reduction in enforcement will always allow for tax reductions, hence increases in the ex-ante utility levels of taxpayers. Only if the tax structure is rigid can full compliance be optimal.     

Clientelism and aid

Using a model of probabilistic voting, we analyze the impact of aid on the political equilibrium in the recipient country or region. We consider politicians with mixed motives: they are interested in promoting social welfare but also value the benefit of holding office. We label as clientelistic the politician who most values the benefit of being in power. We find that the impact of aid on the political equilibrium and therefore on the quality of policy in the recipient country (using utilitarian social welfare as a benchmark) ultimately depends on the value of the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption. When elasticity is low, the expected policy outcome gets further away from the socially desirable policy set. This substitution of policy quality for aid can help to explain the poor performance of aid in improving policy. Perhaps more surprising is the opposite case, which arises for high values of elasticity of marginal utility: an increase in aid tilts the equilibrium policy towards the welfare-maximizing policy set.     

Clientelism and aid

Using a model of probabilistic voting, we analyze the impact of aid on the political equilibrium in the recipient country or region. We consider politicians with mixed motives: they are interested in promoting social welfare but also value the benefit of holding office. We label as clientelistic the politician who most values the benefit of being in power. We find that the impact of aid on the political equilibrium and therefore on the quality of policy in the recipient country (using utilitarian social welfare as a benchmark) ultimately depends on the value of the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption. When elasticity is low, the expected policy outcome gets further away from the socially desirable policy set. This substitution of policy quality for aid can help to explain the poor performance of aid in improving policy. Perhaps more surprising is the opposite case, which arises for high values of elasticity of marginal utility: an increase in aid tilts the equilibrium policy towards the welfare-maximizing policy set.     

The welfare implications of increasing disability insurance benefit generosity

In order to evaluate whether workers are over- or under-insured through the Disability Insurance (DI) program, we develop a framework that allows us to simulate the benefits as well as the costs associated with marginal changes in payment generosity from a representative cross-sectional sample of the population. Under the assumption that individuals are reasonably risk averse, we find that the typical worker would value increased benefits somewhat above the average costs of providing them. However, whether the benefit increases tend to lower or raise utility when we average across all individuals in our sample is sensitive to assumptions that affect the relative marginal utility of income to disabled individuals.     

Ecosystems,externalities, and economies

This paper incorporates an ecosystem model into a model of a simple economy. The decisionmaking agents in the ecosystem are individual organisms aggregated to the species level. A species may provide utility directly to humans, or it may provide utility indirectly because it is used either as a raw material in goods fabrication or as sustenance for other species. We describe a comparative static equilibrium of the ecosystem where species' demands for other species are equal to the supplies of those other species, and energy is conserved. The ecosystem is then embedded in the economy so that the effects of human intervention can be traced through both the ecosystem and the economy. Human intervention creates ecosystem externalities such that ecosystem equilibria are shifted and the new equilibria affect the utility or the production processes of other humans. This framework allows us to describe in principle which ecosystem services can be efficiently usurped by humans, which waste flows can be efficiently allowed into ecosystems, and which ecosystem organisms and physical attributes can be efficiently maintained.     

Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA

This paper surveys recent efforts to relax the rigid regulatory frameworks for air pollution control in Europe and the USA. European policies have mainly taken the form of bubbles and compensation or offset schemes. Emission trading has been limited to intra-firm solutions for various reasons: industry structure, absence of real scarcity, and too restrictive trading rules. Bubbles have been granted to homogenous sectors only and can be characterized as direct regulation for a group rather than tradable permit systems. By contrast, the sulphur allowance program in the USA has laid down the foundation for a pollution permit market with few formal restrictions. Problems that arise are mainly related to local environmental and public utility controls. Europe can learn from the USA that regular national permit markets could be installed, preferably for homogenous sectors. In designing the permit system, the differences between the USA and Europe in terms of ecosystem sensitivity, stringency of regulation and differentiation of regional environmental policy have to be taken into account.     

Rothbardian demand: A critique

This paper refutes Rothbard??s claim that the law of diminishing marginal utility implies a non-increasing demand curve. It is argued that the law under Rothbard??s interpretation is, in fact, irrelevant for demand theory. An example of increasing demand is provided.     

Spatial discounting of ecosystem services

The impact of conservation efforts targeted at preserving ecosystem services largely depend on the welfare implications associated with spatial variations in the provision of ecosystem services. While there is ample empirical evidence of spatial discounting or decay of the valuation of ecosystem services, there are still few underpinnings based on welfare economic theory. We establish a theory of spatial discounting that closely follows the concept of time discounting pertaining to climate change, and show spatial discount rates in the consumption, ecosystem service, and willingness to pay (WTP) numeraires. We consider the role of key parameters such as pure rate of spatial preference, consumption change, ecosystem services change, population density, and elasticity of marginal utility. We find that the spatial discount rate of WTP for ecosystem services that frequently appears in the empirical literature is the difference between the ecosystem service discount rate and consumption discount rate, where the ecosystem service discount rate includes both physical distance decay and welfare effects. Finally, we use numerical simulations to illustrate how the three different spatial discount rates vary with the spatial distance from the source of ecosystem services and with consumption patterns, implying many more possible spatial variations of WTP.     

不同类型的技术创新对产业国际竞争优势的影响——基于制造业面板数据的分阶段回归分析

构建线性回归模型,利用1996—2010年我国15个制造业行业的面板数据,根据消费者边际效用递减规律是否明显将样本行业分为最终消费品制造业和装备制造业,同时将研究区间划分为1996—2001年和2002—2010年两个阶段,分组、分阶段地对不同类型的技术创新(产品创新和工艺创新)对制造业国际竞争优势的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:产品开发类创新对产业国际竞争优势的巩固与保持具有显著的正向影响;性能改进类创新和工艺创新对产业国际竞争优势的影响取决于消费者边际效用变化的特点。