Early life-cycle behaviour of micro-firms in Scotland

The paper reports on the behaviour of young (less than three years old) micro-firms (less than ten employees) in Scotland, with an emphasis on life-cycle effects. Two main tests were carried out. The first took Gibrat's Law (that growth is independent of size) as the null hypothesis, and a life-cycle effects model as the alternative. The Gibrat's Law model was rejected in favour of the life-cycle model. Smaller micro-firms grow faster than larger micro-firms. Robust nonlinear variants of the life-cycle model were discussed and shown to display stable equilibrium characteristics which were consistent with the sample evidence. The second took a Classical simultaneous equations model as the null hypothesis, for which growth and profitability were mutually reinforcing. A Managerial model was set up as the alternative for which growth and profitability were in a trade-off relationship. The Classical model was rejected in favour of the Managerial. In the short-run, young micro-firms experience a trade-off between profitability and growth. The Managerial model was shown to imply a stable equilibrium, with characteristics consistent with sample evidence.Professor in Economics, and Director of the Centre for Research into Industry, Enterprise, Finance and the Firm (CRIEFF), University of St Andrews. An earlier version of this paper was read to the ESRC Urban and Regional Economics Study Group conference at Craigie College, University of Paisley, Ayr on 6 January 1994. Thanks are due to the participants for comments made, without in any way implicating them in errors of omission or commission that this article may yet contain.     

Food shortages and farm prices

In the forthcoming GATT negotiations attention is expected to focus more than in any previous round on the problems in international agricultural trade. The author suggests a set of courses that might be able to restore some semblance of order in world agricultural markets.     

完善我国行业协会资金筹措策略的西方经验借鉴

中国行业协会的作用越来越突出,而行业协会的资金不足问题日益凸显,并愈加困扰着我国行业协会自身职能的发挥以及自身能力的发展,因此,解决好行业协会的资金筹措问题是保证我国行业协会充分发挥自身职能优势的前提和有利保障.     

Objective indicators of large-scale food shortages?

In the past, a rather late realization of acute and large-scale food shortages often contributed to insufficient preventive or remedial action. Against this backround a Working Party set up by the FAO Committee on World Food Security has suggested a number of “objective indicators” which are hoped to enable the FAO to make a rapid preliminary judgment of the overall food situation and of the nature of food shortages. Are these hopes justified?     

老年经济学与老龄化经济学

作为新兴的经济学分支学科,老年经济学和老龄化经济学还有一些基础理论方面的问题需要研究.老年经济学和老龄化经济学是两个彼此独立又相互联系的经济学分支学科,它们彼此之间在研究对象、研究内容、基本假设和原则,以及理论支持体系等方面都存在着差别.对这些差别的认识将有助于我们对老年经济学和老龄化经济学分析的深入.     

老年经济学与老龄化经济学

作为新兴的经济学分支学科,老年经济学和老龄化经济学还有一些基础理论方面的问题需要研究.老年经济学和老龄化经济学是两个彼此独立又相互联系的经济学分支学科,它们彼此之间在研究对象、研究内容、基本假设和原则,以及理论支持体系等方面都存在着差别.对这些差别的认识将有助于我们对老年经济学和老龄化经济学分析的深入.     

发展老龄产业，服务老年人口—第二次全国老龄产业研讨会综述

20世纪 80年代以来 ,伴随着计划生育工作的不断深入开展 ,我国开始了人口老龄化的过程。 2 0 0 0年 ,我国 60岁以上老年人口占总人口的比例已达到 1 0 .2 % ,这标志着我国已经进入了老年型国家的行列。在新的世纪里 ,我国的人口老龄化过程仍将继续。据预测 ,2 0 30年 ,我国 60岁以上老年人口数量将由目前的 1 .3亿增加到 3.1亿 ,占总人口的比例提高到 2 0 .42 % ;2 0 50年 ,60岁以上老年人口数量及其在总人口中所占比例将分别达 4.68亿和 2 7.71 %。老年人口数量的急剧增长和比例的迅速提高 ,已经引起了政府和全社会的关注。江泽民同志发出…     

发展老龄产业,服务老年人口--第二次全国老龄产业研讨会综述

20世纪80年代以来,伴随着计划生育工作的不断深入开展,我国开始了人口老龄化的过程.2000年,我国60岁以上老年人口占总人口的比例已达到10.2%,这标志着我国已经进入了老年型国家的行列.     

Social capital of venture capitalists and start-up funding

How does the social capital of venture capitalists (VCs) affect the funding of start-ups? By building on the rich social capital literature, we hypothesize a positive effect of VCs?? social capital, derived from past syndication, on the amount of money that start-ups receive. Specifically, we argue that both structural and relational aspects of VCs?? social networks provide VCs with superior access to information about current investment objects and opportunities to leverage them in the future, increasing their willingness to invest in these firms. Our empirical results, derived from a novel dataset containing more than 1,500 first funding rounds in the Internet and IT sector, strongly confirm our hypotheses. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of venture capital and entrepreneurship, showing that the role and effect of VCs?? social capital on start-up firms may be more complex than previously argued in the literature.     

Localized poaching and skills shortages of manufacturing employees among MNEs in China

Using a mixed-method approach, we examine the experiences and responses among foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) of employee poaching and skills shortages in a prominent Chinese electronics manufacturing hub (Suzhou Industrial Park). This highlights strategic challenges MNEs face in Asia Pacific economies as more advanced subsidiaries outgrow their earlier low-cost, low-skill vocations. In examining poaching empirically, we also extend the field by introducing a local labour market perspective into the study of HRM in China. Third, we advance theorization of employee poaching beyond mainstream Western approaches to capture the interactions between internal and local labour markets that increasingly mark FIE manufacturing in fast developing economies.     

老年教育产业现状与前景分析

随着社会经济发展和人们生活水平的提高,老年教育产业问题开始提到议事日程.分析了老年教育产业的现状及老年教育产业发展前景,并就相关问题提出了意见和建议.     

老年教育产业现状与前景分析

随着社会经济发展和人们生活水平的提高,老年教育产业问题开始提到议事日程.分析了老年教育产业的现状及老年教育产业发展前景,并就相关问题提出了意见和建议.     

老龄产业农村市场的潜力与开拓

老龄产业的性质主体属于市场性质,这是研究老龄产业农村市场的出发点.老龄产业农村市场的潜力虽然巨大,但农村老龄市场的实现还有很多障碍,主要是经济能力障碍,其次是消费水平障碍、消费观念障碍和消费环境障碍.农村老龄市场的开拓,厂家和商家处于主导地位,政府处于重要地位.开拓的方略是针对需求,批次推进;启发需求,引导消费;政府支持,扶持发展.     

老龄产业农村市场的潜力与开拓

老龄产业的性质主体属于市场性质,这是研究老龄产业农村市场的出发点.老龄产业农村市场的潜力虽然巨大,但农村老龄市场的实现还有很多障碍,主要是经济能力障碍,其次是消费水平障碍、消费观念障碍和消费环境障碍.农村老龄市场的开拓,厂家和商家处于主导地位,政府处于重要地位.开拓的方略是:针对需求,批次推进;启发需求,引导消费;政府支持,扶持发展.     

影响企业市场导向业绩表现的共变量——不同成熟度企业之间的比较研究

本文研究共变量对市场导向与企业业绩等产出变量之间的关系,通过采用MKTOR量表测量市场导向,并将企业竞争能力作为市场导向的决定因子,同时将企业预期行为作为产出因子,对市场导向进行结构方程模型的定量研究。最后证明,在不同企业成熟度的企业中,例如跨国公司和小作坊式企业,市场导向的水平未必导致优良的企业业绩和良好的企业预期行为。     

基于电子鼻的陈醋品牌鉴别及新鲜度评价

为研究一种基于电子鼻系统的陈醋品牌及新鲜度的鉴别方法,采用电子鼻检测了不同品牌、不同生产日期的陈醋样品,结果表明主成分分析方法可以较好地区分不同品牌及不同生产日期的陈醋样品,该方法具有较好的实际应用价值。     

论老年经济实体与老龄产业之异同

老年经济实体和老龄产业是人口老龄化和老龄事业发展过程中出现的新生事物.从分析老年经济实体与老龄产业的基本概念、基本特征出发,厘清二者的异同点及其基本关系,以更好地促进它们的共同发展.