东道国金融发展与中国对外直接投资模式选择

本文使用多值选择模型，考察了东道国金融发展对中国对外直接投资模式选择的影响。结果表明：第一，东道国金融发展水平越高，中国企业越倾向于以合资或并购的方式进行投资；对金融发展水平较低的经济体，中国企业倾向于绿地新建投资。第二，异质性分析表明，对金融市场发展水平越低的发达经济体，中国企业越倾向于选择并购和合资模式投资，反之则选择绿地新建模式投资；对金融发展水平越高的非发达经济体，中国企业越倾向于选择并购和合资模式投资。对金融发展水平、金融机构发展水平和金融市场发展水平越高的国家，收益越高的上市公司越倾向于并购的投资模式；相反，则越倾向于绿地新建模式。第三，互联网发展和制度质量对东道国金融发展水平影响中国对外直接投资有一定调节效应。为进一步推动中国企业“走出去”,中国企业在进行跨境投资时要密切关注东道国的金融发展情况；中国要进一步完善金融基础设施，包括加强金融监管、提升金融服务水平、推进金融创新等方面，以加强与东道国的金融合作，为中国企业对外投资提供金融支持；应根据东道国信息通信技术建设情况和制度发展水平，制定相应的投资政策。     

创新能力、所有权优势与中国企业 海外市场进入模式选择

市场进入模式是企业战略研究领域的一大核心主题。本文关注企业微观因素与东道国宏观因素对中国企业外国市场进入模式选择的影响。本文的结论是：创新能力强与国际化经验丰富的中国企业选择绿地新建模式进入外国市场的可能性较大;规模经济突出且所有权优势明显的中国企业选择并购模式的可能性大。规模经济突出和所有权优势明显的中国企业,选择合资模式进入外国市场的可能性大。在选择外国市场进入模式时,中国跨国公司较少考虑文化距离、政府治理水平以及基础设施等约束和激励因素;同时,规模效用和所有权优势而非创新能力与国际化经验始终发挥着重要的影响力。这可能是导致中国跨国公司“大而不强”、国际化竞争优势不足的重要原因。     

外资依赖型产业发展战略:激励和限制因素——巴西汽车产业发展研究

巴西汽车产业是发展中国家外资依赖型产业发展战略的典型代表。本文在阐述巴西汽车产业发展历程的基础上,结合巴西国内的产业发展条件和汽车产业的国际发展环境探讨了外资的行为选择和巴西政府的作用。巴西的经验表明,外资依赖型的产业发展模式及其可能的产业发展状况,实质上是在给定国家本土优势的前提下,外资与东道国政府之间反复博弈的结果。     

多边投资框架:关于准入与开业的控制模式

关于准入与开业的控制模式是未来多边投资框架的核心议题之一。在概括了东道国控制准入和开业的具体措施的基础上，形成了多边投资框架关于准入和开业的五种控制模式：即投资控制模式、有选择开放模式、区域工业化模式、互予国民待遇模式和国民待遇与最优国待遇结合模式。东道国在开放或限制外国投资者准入与开业权方面，可将上述控制模式与辅助性因素灵活地结合在一起。     

跨国公司直接投资区位因素及区位选择变化趋势探讨

随着经济全球化的发展,跨国公司在全球整合生产活动,而东道国的经济、商务、政府执行的外资政策等环境是影响跨国公司对外投资区位选择最重要的因素,也决定着跨国公司直接投资的类型。重视跨国公司直接投资区位选择变化趋势,这对引资国区位优势的重新认识有重要意义。     

文化距离对中国OFDI企业海外进入模式选择的影响

OFDI企业的海外进入模式一直是学术界研究的热点,文化距离对进入模式的影响是涉及最多的因素.本文通过选取158个在海外具有分公司的中国企业为样本数据,结合企业微观数据和东道国宏观数据进行实证分析.研究发现,文化距离确实对中国OFDI企业海外进入方式存在显著影响,这种影响表现为文化距离越大,企业越偏好于绿地方式进入.本文同时验证了东道国政府对FDI态度正向调节文化距离对OFDI企业进入模式的选择,即随着文化距离的增加,东道国政府对FDI态度越好,跨国公司选择合资进入的可能性会降低.     

国际直接投资中跨国公司与东道国政府间的博弈模型

东道国政府的外资政策框架会在一定程度上改变东道国的区位吸引力，从而对跨国公司的对外直接投资决策产生重要影响。本文主要从东道国的立场出发，尝试构建以东道国利益为核心、以东道国政府外资政策最优设计为目的的博弈模型，分析跨国直接投资活动中东道国和跨国公司的行为和策略。     

东道国ESP系统与东道国外商直接投资特征研究--以中国为例

国际直接投资地域结构的时空差异性对忽视东道国因素的传统国际投资理论提出了挑战。文章研究了东道国因素对国际生产资本地域运动的影响，提出了国际直接投资是东道国因素与投资主体三优势综合作用的结果，东道国环境、体制、政策系统的状态特征决定了东道国外资特征等观点，并实证研究了中国改革开放进程与外商对华投资规模和结构的内在互动性。     

东道国舆论环境与海外进入模式选择 ——基于海量媒体数据的定量考察

逆全球化背景下日趋复杂的东道国舆论环境给我国国际化进程带来严峻挑战,对其如何影响跨国企业进入国际市场的关键决策还缺乏系统的实证检验。基于情感分析技术（NLP）和网络爬虫,对2015-2022年间830余万条媒体报道进行文本分析,构建涉华舆情指数,系统分析与检验了东道国舆论环境对我国企业海外进入模式选择的影响。研究发现,东道国舆论环境越差,相比于独资模式,中国企业更倾向于选择合资模式进入海外市场;相比于跨国并购,中国企业更倾向于选择绿地投资进入海外市场;跨国企业的产权性质和国际化经验起到正向调节作用。在影响机制方面,东道国舆论环境通过影响企业的规制、规范和认知合法性来影响跨国企业投资设立模式的选择。本文的研究结论为跨国企业恰当地选择海外市场进入模式、积极规避或弱化舆论风险,更好地在东道国投资布局与经营发展提供对策建议。     

跨国公司市场进入模式选择:所有权安排及合约形式

以独资公司还是合资公司的形式进入东道国市场,是跨国公司对外投资时面临的重要选择之一。文章以内部化理论为基础,构建了一个跨国公司的进入决策模型,不仅对影响跨国公司所有权安排的因素进行了拓展性的分析,而且讨论了组建合资公司时可能的合约形式,并对不同所有权安排和合约形式的福利效应及东道国的政策选择进行了分析。     

Risky business: Institutions vs. social networks in FDI

Political economy scholarship on foreign direct investment (FDI) emphasizes variation in host country political risk but overlooks variation in investors' sensitivity to political risk. We show that relational contracting, relationship‐based contract enforcement, is more efficient for high‐risk, human capital‐intensive activities for which the costs of writing legally enforceable contracts are prohibitive. We disaggregate FDI into two distinct varieties: mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and venture capital (VC). We propose that VC flows are less sensitive to host institutions but correlate strongly with skilled migrant networks that monitor compliance and impose reputational costs. Our empirical analysis of dyadic VC and M&A flows covers over 100 countries during 1980–2009. We address other mechanisms through which migrant networks facilitate FDI and verify our results hold at the country‐industry level. These findings suggest that relational contracting facilitates global integration of dynamic, knowledge‐intensive industries even when formal institutions are weak.     

Foreign direct investment and host country policies: A rationale for using ownership restrictions

This paper examines host governments' motivation for restricting ownership shares of multinational firms (MNFs) in foreign direct investment (FDI) projects. An MNF with a productivity advantage is willing to invest in a host country. The host government wants to capture the MNF's surplus yet cannot observe it due to the MNF's private information about its firm-specific advantage. In contrast, a joint venture (JV) partner might observe this surplus depending on its ownership share. The host government can alleviate its informational constraints by using ownership restrictions to force a JV. This calls into question the wisdom of calls for ‘liberalizing’ FDI flows by the wholesale elimination of domestic JV requirements. We show that the optimal mechanism involves ownership restrictions that decrease as the size of the MNF's firm-specific advantage increases.     

National levels of corruption and foreign direct investment

We model the relationship between bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) and the level of corruption in multinational firms’ (MCNs’) home and host countries. We construct and test a model of bilateral FDI between countries that differ in their levels of corruption. FDI is affected negatively both by the level of corruption in the host country and by differences in home- and host-country corruption. Our model emphasizes that MNCs develop skills for dealing with home-country corruption, and these skills become a competitive advantage in similarly corrupt host countries. We test the model using data on bilateral FDI stocks among a large number of home and host countries, using a variety of specifications and estimation strategies to provide robustness. Our results show that the effects of host-country corruption and of differences in corruption levels between home and host countries are statistically and economically significant.     

The impact of third-country effects and economic integration on China's outward FDI

The study employs a spatial econometric model to explore the impact of third-country effects and economic integration on China's outward FDI (OFDI). The results show that the pattern of China's OFDI tends toward a complex FDI without third-country effects. The degree of economic integration and host country's political risk both have a negative influence on China's OFDI. Furthermore, greater cultural proximity between China and the host country, as well as greater per capita income (market size), both have significant benefits to China's OFDI. The host country's market opportunity has a significant negative effect on China's OFDI.     

Financial components of FDI and choice of capital structure: an analysis for 30 OECD countries

Even though the choice of capital structure depends on the three different financial components of foreign direct investment (FDI), previous research has regarded FDI as unidimensional rather than multidimensional. This study addresses new findings in the FDI area and investigates the relevant determinants of capital structure in 30 OECD countries from 2006 to 2014 within the framework of a simultaneous equation model. Our primary findings reveal that each component has its own deterministic features driven by relevant policy variables and risks in the market. While an increase or decrease in equity capital shows the ability of the host country to attract new investments, the subsequent components are mostly used to adjust the equity capital investment exposure.     

发展中国家对外直接投资、逆向技术转移与母国技术提升

近年来越来越多的研究发现,处于技术劣势的发展中国家跨国公司正逐渐把对外直接投资作为在国际上寻求技术优势的有力工具和手段.发展中国家跨国公司通过对发达国家的对外直接投资,可以利用东道国的技术资源优势获得逆向技术转移,并向母国返流和传递,进而促进母国企业、产业和国家整体技术水平的提升.积极利用技术寻求型对外直接投资进行技术学习和逆向技术转移,是发展中国家跨国企业在经济全球化形势下的一种适宜选择.     

Foreign direct investment and vertical integration of production by Japanese multinationals in Thailand

We test the vertical model of foreign direct investment (FDI) empirically using firm level information on Japanese multinational activity in Thailand. These data allow us to investigate the effects of both home country (Japan) and host country (Thailand) characteristics on the inter-industry pattern of FDI. For 85 manufacturing industries over the period from 1985 to 1995, we find a positive influence of industry variation in skill intensity and market size in the host country and a negative effect of transport costs on the amount of FDI. These results provide strong direct econometric evidence of vertical integration of production across the countries. Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (4) (2004) 805–821.     

TARIFF JUMPING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DECISION IN A QUALITY‐DIFFERENTIATED MARKET

Using a product differentiation model, this paper discusses the issue of transnational firms evading tariffs and investing directly in a host country (through foreign direct investment (FDI)). Where product quality is differentiated between foreign and host country firms and assuming a firm's quality requirement is a long‐term strategy and is not affected by a foreign firm's trade decision, we obtain the following findings. First, whether or not a host country firm produces high or low quality products, raising the quality requirement for foreign products will increase the possibility of a foreign firm choosing FDI instead of exporting a product to the host country. Second, raising the quality requirement for domestic products will lower the possibility of foreign firms choosing FDI without regard to the product's quality. Finally, given a competitor in the host country, in FDI, a foreign high‐quality product‐producing firm has an advantage over a low‐quality product‐producing firm. We also find that even when firms' quality decisions are affected by a foreign firm's trade decision, most of the above results will still hold.     

出口平台型直接投资研究综述

出口平台型投资是经济全球化浪潮中出现的一种新型投资模式，区别于在东道国销售的水平型投资和返销母国的垂直型投资。出口平台型直接投资生产的产品主要面向第三国销售。由于传统的两国模型根本无法分析向第三国出口的出口平台型投资，该概念仅仅在最近几年才出现在经济学文献中。本文在总结现有出口平台型投资理论研究和实证研究成果的基础上，说明出口平台型投资对东道国外资流入和投资国贸易的基本影响。     

FDI and pollution havens: Evidence from the Norwegian manufacturing sector

This is an empirical study of the firm and country determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) and how it is affected by the stringency of environmental regulations in host countries. We employ disaggregated data on sales by Norwegian multinationals' affiliates from 1999 to 2005 that allow such affiliates to be categorized as either efficiency-seeking (vertical) or market-seeking (horizontal) FDI. While the environmental stringency of a host country and its enforcement are found to have no effect on the average investment, we find a significant negative effect on multinationals with vertical motives. Compared to those located in lenient countries, the efficiency-seeking affiliates in more environmentally regulated countries receive less investment from their parent companies in terms of (i) equity capital, (ii) capital stock, and (iii) assets. We further find that the total exports from affiliates to parent companies in Norway decrease with the level of enforced environmental stringency in the host countries.